parataxis: parataxis
parataxis dependencies mark two different phenomena. Firstly, they are used with certain implicit coordinations. These coordinations are recognized by two factors: there is no coordinating conjunction, and the independent clauses are separated by a colon, semicolon or a dash. As with explicit coordinations, the first element is the governor. Also parenthetical and interjected clauses can receive the parataxis dependency. If there is a coordinating conjunction present (regardless of punctuation) or if the clauses are separated by merely a comma, the coordination type conj is used (differs from the UD).
Lapset leipoivat piparit ; äiti paistoi ne . \n The_children made the_cookies ; the_mother baked them .
nsubj(leipoivat-2, Lapset-1)
dobj(leipoivat-2, piparit-3)
punct(leipoivat-2, ;-4)
punct(leipoivat-2, .-8)
parataxis(leipoivat-2, paistoi-6)
nsubj(paistoi-6, äiti-5)
dobj(paistoi-6, ne-7)
Ilmoittakaa suoraan sähköpostilla ( palautelomakekin käy ) .
nmod(Ilmoittakaa-1, sähköpostilla-3)
advmod(sähköpostilla-3, suoraan-2)
punct(Ilmoittakaa-1, .-8)
parataxis(Ilmoittakaa-1, käy-6)
nsubj(käy-6, palautelomakekin-5)
punct(käy-6, (-4)
punct(käy-6, )-7)
parataxis is also used for direct speech. If the verb of saying (or thinking, etc.) precedes the utterance, it acts as the governor, and the main verb or predicative of the utterance is the dependent. However, if the utterance precedes the speech verb, the relation is reversed.
Mies sanoi : Tulen kotiin vasta myöhään . \n The_man said : I_will_come home only late .
nsubj(Mies-1, sanoi-2)
punct(sanoi-2, :-3)
nmod(Tulen-4, kotiin-5)
advmod(Tulen-4, myöhään-7)
advmod(myöhään-7, vasta-6)
parataxis(sanoi-2, Tulen-4)
punct(sanoi-2, .-8)
Tulen kotiin vasta myöhään , mies sanoi . \n I_will_come home only late , the_man said .
nmod(Tulen-1, kotiin-2)
advmod(Tulen-1, myöhään-4)
advmod(myöhään-4, vasta-3)
punct(Tulen-1, ,-5)
nsubj(sanoi-7, mies-6)
parataxis(Tulen-1, sanoi-7)
punct(Tulen-1, .-8)
Diffs
Turku Dependency Treebank
If the clauses are separated by a comma and there is no coordinating conjunction, TDT does not use parataxis but conj.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)
This relation is universal.
732 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as parataxis.
728 instances of parataxis (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 10.301912568306.
The following 31 pairs of parts of speech are connected with parataxis: fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/VERB (387; 53% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/VERB (129; 18% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/VERB (50; 7% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/VERB (35; 5% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NOUN (35; 5% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/NOUN (19; 3% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/VERB (11; 2% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADJ (10; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADJ (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/ADJ (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/NOUN (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADV (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PROPN (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/X-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/AUX-fi-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/X (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/X (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 1 5 parataxis color:blue
1 Saat saada VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 maistaa maistaa VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
4 mies mies NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 5 nsubj 7:nsubj|8:nsubj _
5 lupasi luvata VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 parataxis _ _
6 ja ja CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _
7 rupesi ruveta VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 conj _ _
8 penkomaan penkoa VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 7 xcomp _ _
9 kassiaan kassi NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3 8 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
# visual-style 10 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 4 10 parataxis color:blue
1 Se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj:cop _ _
2 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop _ _
3 oma oma ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 vika vika NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 jos jos SCONJ C _ 7 mark _ _
6 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 cop _ _
7 yksinäinen yksinäinen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
9 hän hän PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _
10 sanoo sanoa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
# visual-style 9 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
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# visual-style 5 9 parataxis color:blue
1 - - PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
2 Eikö ei VERB V Clitic=Ko|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 neg _ _
3 se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 nsubj:cop _ _
4 ole olla VERB V Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 cop _ _
5 selvää selvä ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
6 ? ? PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
7 parrakas parrakas ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 ryöväri ryöväri NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _
9 ärähti ärähtää VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
parataxis in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]