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flat:abs: clausal absolutive

Consider the following example.

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# visual-style 3 4 flat:abs color:green
1	Вони	вони	PRON	noun:p:v_naz:&pron:pers:3	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	розповідали	розповідати	VERB	verb:imperf:past:p	Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	одне	один	DET	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	iobj	_	_
4	одному	один	DET	_	Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	flat:abs	_	_
5	історії	історія	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	2	punct	_	_

# visual-style 3 4 flat:abs color:green
1	They	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
2	told	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
3	one	_	_	_	_	2	iobj	_	_
4	another	_	_	_	_	3	flat:abs	_	_
5	stories	_	_	_	_	2	obj	_	_
6	.	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "PRON", [ [ 0, 4 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "VERB", [ [ 5, 16 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "DET", [ [ 17, 21 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "DET", [ [ 22, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T5", "NOUN", [ [ 29, 36 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-T6", "PUNCT", [ [ 37, 38 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T1", "_", [ [ 39, 43 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T2", "_", [ [ 44, 48 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T3", "_", [ [ 49, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T4", "_", [ [ 53, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T5", "_", [ [ 61, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-T6", "_", [ [ 69, 70 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-1-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-1-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A2", "Number", "embedded-1-S1-T1", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A3", "Person", "embedded-1-S1-T1", "3" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A4", "PronType", "embedded-1-S1-T1", "Prs" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A5", "Aspect", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "Imp" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A6", "Mood", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A7", "Number", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "Plur" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A8", "Tense", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "Past" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A9", "VerbForm", "embedded-1-S1-T2", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A10", "Case", "embedded-1-S1-T3", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A11", "Gender", "embedded-1-S1-T3", "Neut" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A12", "Number", "embedded-1-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A13", "PronType", "embedded-1-S1-T3", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A14", "Case", "embedded-1-S1-T4", "Dat" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A15", "Gender", "embedded-1-S1-T4", "Masc" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A16", "Number", "embedded-1-S1-T4", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A17", "PronType", "embedded-1-S1-T4", "Dem" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A18", "Animacy", "embedded-1-S1-T5", "Inan" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A19", "Case", "embedded-1-S1-T5", "Acc" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A20", "Gender", "embedded-1-S1-T5", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-A21", "Number", "embedded-1-S1-T5", "Plur" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R0", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R3", "flat:abs", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R4", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S1-R5", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S1-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R0", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R2", "iobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R3", "flat:abs", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R4", "obj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-S2-R5", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-S2-T6" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: вони" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: noun:p:v_naz:&pron:pers:3" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: розповідати" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Xpostag: verb:imperf:past:p" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: один" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: один" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: історія" ], [ "embedded-1-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-1-S2-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ [ "embedded-1-S1-T3", "embedded-1-S1-T4", "flat:abs" ], "color", "green" ], [ [ "embedded-1-S2-T3", "embedded-1-S2-T4", "flat:abs" ], "color", "green" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "1", null ],
    "text": "Вони розповідали одне одному історії .\nThey told one another stories .",
    "error": false
}

Here, одне одному “one another” is acting as a single unit — an indirect object of the main predicate (like German einander) while having a predication on its own (one told another — notice that one even has a nominative case signifying a subject). A basic tree is unable to capture such secondary structure, therefore we use flat:abs here.

This phenomenon is not limited to pure reciprocals:

edit

  

    
input
    
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info
  
# visual-style 6 8 flat:abs color:green
1	Величезна	величезний	ADJ	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	3	amod	_	_
2	пірамідальна	пірамідальний	ADJ	_	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	3	amod	_	_
3	будівля	будівля	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	здіймалася	здійматися	VERB	_	Aspect=Imp|Gender=Fem|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Reverse=Yes|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	вгору	вгору	ADV	_	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	тераса	тераса	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	за	за	ADP	_	Case=Ins	8	case	_	_
8	терасою	тераса	NOUN	_	Animacy=Inan|Case=Ins|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	6	flat:abs	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 6 8 flat:abs color:green
1	Huge	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
2	pyramidal	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
3	building	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
4	rose	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
5	up	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
6	terrace	_	_	_	_	4	obl	_	_
7	by	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
8	terrace	_	_	_	_	6	flat:abs	_	_
9	.	_	_	_	_	0	root	_	_
{
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "ADJ", [ [ 0, 9 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "ADJ", [ [ 10, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "NOUN", [ [ 23, 30 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "VERB", [ [ 31, 41 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "ADV", [ [ 42, 47 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "NOUN", [ [ 48, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "ADP", [ [ 55, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "NOUN", [ [ 58, 65 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "PUNCT", [ [ 66, 67 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T1", "_", [ [ 68, 72 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T2", "_", [ [ 73, 82 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T3", "_", [ [ 83, 91 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T4", "_", [ [ 92, 96 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T5", "_", [ [ 97, 99 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T6", "_", [ [ 100, 107 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T7", "_", [ [ 108, 110 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T8", "_", [ [ 111, 118 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-T9", "_", [ [ 119, 120 ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-A1", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A2", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A3", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T1", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A4", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A5", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A6", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T2", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A7", "Animacy", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Inan" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A8", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A9", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A10", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T3", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A11", "Aspect", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Imp" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A12", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A13", "Mood", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Ind" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A14", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A15", "Reverse", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Yes" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A16", "Tense", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Past" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A17", "VerbForm", "embedded-2-S1-T4", "Fin" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A18", "Animacy", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Inan" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A19", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Nom" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A20", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A21", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T6", "Sing" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A22", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T7", "Ins" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A23", "Animacy", "embedded-2-S1-T8", "Inan" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A24", "Case", "embedded-2-S1-T8", "Ins" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A25", "Gender", "embedded-2-S1-T8", "Fem" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-A26", "Number", "embedded-2-S1-T8", "Sing" ] ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R0", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R1", "amod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R4", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R5", "obl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R6", "case", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R7", "flat:abs", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S1-R8", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S1-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S1-T9" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R0", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R1", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R2", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R3", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R4", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R5", "obl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R6", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R7", "flat:abs", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-S2-R8", "root", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-S2-T0" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-S2-T9" ] ] ]
    ],
    "comments": [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: величезний" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: пірамідальний" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: будівля" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: здійматися" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: вгору" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: тераса" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: за" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: тераса" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Misc: SpaceAfter=No" ], [ "embedded-2-S1-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: ." ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T1", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T2", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T3", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T4", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T5", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T6", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T7", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T8", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ], [ "embedded-2-S2-T9", "AnnotatorNotes", "Lemma: _" ] ],
    "styles": [ [ [ "embedded-2-S1-T6", "embedded-2-S1-T8", "flat:abs" ], "color", "green" ], [ [ "embedded-2-S2-T6", "embedded-2-S2-T8", "flat:abs" ], "color", "green" ] ],
    "sentlabels": [ "2", null ],
    "text": "Величезна пірамідальна будівля здіймалася вгору тераса за терасою .\nHuge pyramidal building rose up terrace by terrace .",
    "error": false
}

Do not confuse flat:abs with flat:sibl.

For the discussion on clausal absolutive constructions, see issue #557.

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flat:abs in other languages: [uk]

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