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UD for Uyghur

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• In general, words are delimited by white spaces or punctuation. Punctuation may appear in some abbreviations or numeric expressions.

Morphology

Tags

• Uyghur uses all 17 universal POS categories, including particles (PART). Nevertheless, there are no examples of the SYM category in the current data.
• Uyghur has a limited number of auxiliary verbs (AUX), but in most cases, a combination of a semantically weak verb with a non-finite form of a semantically prominent verb is analyzed as an xcomp construction, not as auxiliary. The following verbs are currently treated as auxiliaries at least in some contexts:
  • The copula بول bol (“to be”) is used with non-verbal predicates wherever the suffixed copula cannot be used. It is also used in some periphrastic constructions with other verbs.
  • The suffixed copula ئى i can provide only some forms.
  • كەت ket (“to go”) is used in periphrastic perfective constructions.
  • كەل kel (“to come”) is used in irrealis mood.
  • قال qal (“to stay”) is used in periphrastic progressive constructions.
  • تۇر tur (“to stand”) is used in periphrastic progressive constructions.
• Verbs with modal meaning are not considered auxiliary in Uyghur.
• There are five main (de)verbal forms, distinguished by the UPOS tag and the value of the VerbForm feature:
  • Infinitive Inf, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Finite verb Fin, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Participle Part, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Converb Conv, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Gerund Ger, tagged VERB or AUX.

Nominal Features

• There is no grammatically relevant gender in the Turkic languages. However, the Gender feature is sporadically used with personal proper nouns (PROPN) and distinguishes two values: Masc and Fem.
• The two main values of the Number feature are Sing and Plur. For nouns (and adjectives), only Plur is used when the plural suffix is present; singular is left unannotated. For pronouns (PRON), both singular and plural are explicitly annotated where relevant.
  • Finite verbs (VERB, AUX) inflect for number (and person) to cross-reference the subject. Both values are explicitly annotated.
• Case has 6 possible values: Nom, Acc, Gen, Dat, Loc, Abl. It occurs with the nominal words, i.e., NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, NUM. It also occurs with some non-finite forms of VERB and AUX.
• Possession is marked morphologically on the possessed NOUN, which cross-references the person and number of the possessor, using the layered features Number[psor] and Person[psor].

Verbal Features

• Finite verbs always have one of four values of Mood: Ind, Imp, Int or Cnd. The interrogative mood (Int) is a language-specific value and applies to verbs with the interrogative suffix -mu.
• Verbs in the indicative mood always have one of two values of Tense: Past or Pres.
• There are also two values of Aspect: Hab and Perf.
• As for Voice, only the passive forms (Pass) are explicitly annotated; Voice=Act is not used.

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType is used with pronouns (PRON), determiners (DET) and adverbs (ADV). Currently only the values Prs, Dem and Int are used.
• NumType is used with numerals (NUM), determiners (DET), and adjectives (ADJ).
• The Reflex feature marks reflexive pronouns ئۆز (öz).
• Person is a lexical feature of personal pronouns (PRON) and has three values, 1, 2 and 3. Person is not marked on other types of pronouns and on nouns, although they can be almost always interpreted as the 3rd person.
  • As a cross-reference to subject, person is also marked on finite verbs (VERB, AUX).

Syntax

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

• The dominant word order in Uyghur is subject-object-verb, although other word orders are possible, too.
• Nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase in the nominative case, without preposition.
  • A subordinate clause may serve as the subject and is labeled csubj.
• Nominal object (obj) is a noun phrase in the accusative or nominative case, without preposition.
  • A subordinate clause may serve as the object and is labeled ccomp.

Relations Overview

• The following relation subtypes are used in Uyghur:
  • advcl:cond for conditional adverbial clauses
  • advmod:emph for adverbs or particles that modify noun phrases and emphasize or negate them
  • compound:lvc for light-verb constructions
  • compound:redup for reduplicated compounds
  • nmod:cau for the causee of a causative predicate (this should be obl:cau in future releases)
  • nmod:comp for comparative modifiers of adjectives or adverbs (this should be obl:comp in future releases)
  • nmod:part for part-whole relations
  • nmod:poss for possessive and genitive relations
  • nmod:tmod for temporal modifiers and relations within temporal relations such as dates
  • obl:tmod for temporal modifiers
• The following relation types are not used in Uyghur at all: iobj, expl, clf

Treebanks

There is 1 Uyghur UD treebank:

• Uyghur-UDT

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