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nmod:cau: nominal modifier indicating the causee of a causative predicate

Note: In UD v2, a dependent of a predicate should be obl:cau rather than nmod:cau. This should be fixed in future releases.

This subtype of nmod is used for marking the performer of the real action, “causee”, in a causative predicate. The subject of the causative predicate is the actor who causes the action to be taken. Occasionally the performer of the action is also included in the phrase/sentence, and it is useful to mark it. The causee is predictable for intransitive verbs, since it is the object of the causative predicate. For transitive verbs, it is often marked with dative Case, but it is ambiguous as a dative nominal modifier also has the function of marking the “beneficiary” (and possibly others).

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Annesi bebeği uyuttu . \n Her mother caused the baby to sleep (=put the baby to sleep)
nmod:cau(uyuttu, bebeği)
nsubj(uyuttu, Annesi)
{
    "text": "Annesi bebeği uyuttu . \n Her mother caused the baby to sleep (=put the baby to sleep) ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-1-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 6 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T2", "token", [ [ 7, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T3", "token", [ [ 14, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T4", "token", [ [ 21, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T6", "token", [ [ 25, 28 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T7", "token", [ [ 29, 35 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T8", "token", [ [ 36, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T9", "token", [ [ 43, 46 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T10", "token", [ [ 47, 51 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T11", "token", [ [ 52, 54 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T12", "token", [ [ 55, 60 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T13", "token", [ [ 61, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T14", "token", [ [ 67, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T15", "token", [ [ 71, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T16", "token", [ [ 76, 78 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-T17", "token", [ [ 79, 85 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-1-R1", "nmod:cau", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "1" ]
}

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input
    
brat
    
info
  
Öğretmen kitabı Ali'ye okuttu . \n The teacher caused (made) Ali to read the book
nmod:cau(okuttu, Ali'ye)
nsubj(okuttu, Öğretmen)
{
    "text": "Öğretmen kitabı Ali'ye okuttu . \n The teacher caused (made) Ali to read the book ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T2", "token", [ [ 9, 15 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T3", "token", [ [ 16, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T4", "token", [ [ 23, 29 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T5", "token", [ [ 30, 31 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T7", "token", [ [ 34, 37 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T8", "token", [ [ 38, 45 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T9", "token", [ [ 46, 52 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T10", "token", [ [ 53, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T11", "token", [ [ 60, 63 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T12", "token", [ [ 64, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T13", "token", [ [ 67, 71 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T14", "token", [ [ 72, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-T15", "token", [ [ 76, 80 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-2-R1", "nmod:cau", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T4" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T1" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "2" ]
}

Note that the above is ambiguous. It may also mean “The teacher made someone to read the book to/for Ali”. In that case nmod should be used.

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nmod:cau in other languages: [ug]

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