UD Uspanteko MesoTree
Language: Uspanteko (code: usp)
Family: Mayan
This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.19 release.
The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Juan Ajsivinac, Robert Henderson, Tomás Méndez López, Cheyenne Wing.
Repository: UD_Uspanteko-MesoTree
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.19
License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Genre: grammar-examples, fiction
Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Uspanteko-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [rhenderson (æt) arizona • edu]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.
| Annotation | Source |
|---|---|
| Lemmas | annotated manually |
| UPOS | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| XPOS | not available |
| Features | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
| Relations | annotated manually, natively in UD style |
Description
The MesoTree Uspanteko UD treebank consists of a token-balanced set of trees drawn dictionary example sentences and spoken narratives.
The MesoTree Uspanteko UD treebank incorporates data from two sources, namely the example sentences from the 2007 dictionary by Méndez, produced under the auspicies of Oxlajuuj Keej Mayab’ Ajtz’iib’ (OKMA). The narrative portion of the corpus come from those collected by Robert Henderson, Ryan Bennet, and Tomás Méndez López (Henderson and Bennett 2026). The later cover personal narratives, but also traditional stories and local history, for example, sources for toponyms.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the people of Uspantán without whom this project would not have been possible. We would also especially like to recognize Virgilio Tomás Méndez who passed away during the creation of this corpus. He was an educator, former president of the Uspanteko branch of the Academy of Mayan Languages, and a great defender of the Uspanteko language. A story he related, Xoqoneb’, is one of the many that form part of this corpus.
References
Méndez, Miguel Angel Vicente. Cholaj tzijbʼal li uspanteko. Cholsamaj, 2007.
Henderson, Robert M. and Ryan T. Bennett. Uspanteko Collection of Ryan Bennett and Robert Henderson. The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA), ailla.utexas.org. PID Collection: 415. Accessed 4 May 2026.
Henderson, Robert, Tomás Alberto Méndez López, Ryan Bennett, Meg Harvey, and Virgilio Tomás Méndez. “Xoqoneb’: una historia uspanteka de las tierras altas centrales de Guatemala.” Tlalocan 27, no. 2, 2022:125-160.
Statistics of UD Uspanteko MesoTree
POS Tags
ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB – X
Features
Relations
acl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – case – cc – ccomp – clf – compound – conj – csubj – dep – det – discourse – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – goeswith – mark – nmod – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – punct – reparandum – root – vocative – xcomp
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- This corpus contains 1787 sentences and 13161 tokens.
- This corpus contains 3560 tokens (27%) that are not followed by a space.
- This corpus does not contain words with spaces.
- This corpus contains 2 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: at-ʼekbʼiʼameech, inchʼ¡ojnik
Morphology
Tags
- This corpus uses 16 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB, X
- This corpus does not use the following tags: SYM
- This corpus contains 47 word types tagged as particles (PART): Aa, Aj, Chi, Jiʼ, Koom, Lo, Porke, Rikaʼ, Tikaʼ, Xiq, bay, bʼa, bʼi, bʼik, chak, cheek, chik, chikiʼ, chikon, chiʼ, chkiʼ, kaʼ, ke, kita, kitaʼ, kʼu, laal, laj, li, loke, ma, na, naq, pre, qe, qes, ribʼi, rkaaʼ, rkaʼ, ta, taq, taʼ, ti, tqaʼ, tqaʼn, wee, wi
- This corpus contains 46 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): aat, aq, at, ataq, atiʼ, awiij, boos, iin, in, jikaʼ, jor, jun, jurubʼ, keej, kʼis, kʼu, laal, lamaas, lamas, li, liy, luux, man, naq, nech, neen, nen, nench, nikʼij, niʼ, oj, ojna, ooj, re, ri, riʼ, taq, taqa, taqch, taqw, tiqaʼ, tqaʼ, tqaʼn, ukʼil, we, wee
- This corpus contains 54 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): amn, chaq, chik, jiʼ, jonoq, juj, jujun, jun, juntir, jure, juun, kʼios, kʼis, kʼiy, kʼiyiʼ, la, laj, las, li, lo, ma, maaj, maj, man, maq, mari, mre, naq, nij, niʼj, pok, qaqaaj, ra, raj, ral, raʼ, re, ri, riʼ, sikʼ, tant, taq, tqaʼ, tra, traj, tral, tre, tzikʼ, xeʼre, ya, yaj, yal, yaq, yaʼl
- Out of the above, 10 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: jun, kʼis, li, man, naq, re, ri, riʼ, taq, tqaʼ
- This corpus contains 2 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): tijin, tijiniʼ
- Out of the above, 1 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: tijin
- This corpus does not use the VerbForm feature.
Nominal Features
Degree and Polarity
Verbal Features
Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers
Other Features
Syntax
Auxiliary Verbs and Copula
- This corpus does not contain copulas.
- This corpus uses 2 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: tijin, tijiniʼ.
Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).
- nsubj
- VERB--NOUN (570)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(aj) (1)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(aj)-ADP(chiʼ) (1)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(chi) (1)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(laj) (2)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(laʼ) (1)
- VERB--PRON (69)
- obj
- VERB--NOUN (572)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(chi) (3)
- VERB--NOUN-ADP(li) (1)
- VERB--PRON (6)