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UD Old Occitan CorAG

Language: Old Occitan (code: pro)
Family: IE

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.16 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Barbara Francioni, Natalia Romanova, Rayan Ziane, Khensa Daoudi, Pierre Larrivée.

Repository: UD_Old_Occitan-CorAG
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.17

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: legal

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Old Occitan-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [natalia • romanova (æt) unicaen • fr]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation	Source
Lemmas	assigned by a program, not checked manually
UPOS	annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS	not available
Features	not available
Relations	annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

UD_Old_Occitan-CorAG (Corpus de l’Ancien Gascon) is a corpus of medieval legal texts in Gascon, a variety of Old Occitan. The texts were digitized from printed editions and subsequently manually annotated in Universal Dependencies (PoS, functions and some morphological features).

In October 2025, CorAG corpus contains six medieval texts:

Title	Year	Edition	Sentences	Tokens
Coutumes et Privilèges de l’Entre-Deux-Mers	1214-1342	Lépicier 1861	344	11,978
Coutume de Banières	1251		77	3,099
Coutume de Banières	1260		33	1,699
Charte des Boucheries d’Orthez	1270		34	1,274
Charte d’Herrère	1278		53	1,835
Les Fors Anciens de Béarn	1560	Ourliac & Gilles 1990	750	26,795
Total			1,291	46,680

Editions: Lépicier, Jules, 1861. « Coutumes et privilèges de l’Entre-Deux-Mers », Archives historiques du département de la Gironde, 101-130. Ourliac, Paul & Gilles, Monique, 1990. Les Fors anciens de Béarn. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Electronic editions of Coutume de Banières (1251 and 1260), Charte des Boucheries d’Orthez (1270) and Charte d’Herrère were generously shared with us by Professor Martin Glessgen (University of Zurich).

Train/Dev/Test split

Set	Sentences	Tokens
Train	912	32,606
Dev	98	3,713
Test	281	10,361
Total	1,291	46,680

Please note that CorAG treebank is still under development. A campain of revision and morphological annotation is underway and new material is being added to the collection. The structure of the treebank is therefore likely to change in subsequent releases. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions, suggestions or comments.

Acknowledgments

The corpus is part of Professor Pierre Larrivée’s (University of Caen) Senior membership project with the Institut Universitaire de France.

Manual annotation was performed by Barbara Francioni and Natasha Romanova. Technical support by Rayan Ziane and Khensa Daoudi. Digitization by Christelle Violette. Project coordination by Natasha Romanova.

We thank Professor Martin Glessgen and his team at the University of Zurich (authors of the online resource Documents linguistiques galloromans for provinding us with their editions of the thirteenth-century texts included in the corpus.

We thank the members of the Modern Occitan Tolosa Treebank for their help and advice in the early stages of the annotation process.

References

To cite the corpus, please refer to:

• Romanova, Natasha, Ziane, Rayan & Francioni, Barbara, 2025. « Adaptation of models for parsing of Old Gascon ». Proceedings of Journées scientifiques du réseau thématique LIFT2 linguistique informatique, formelle et de terrain. 16-17 October 2025, Paris. URL: https://lift2-2025.sciencesconf.org/667164 (8pp.)

See also:

• Daoudi, Khensa, Dehouck, Mathieu, Romanova, Natasha & Ziane, Rayan, 2025. « Explicit Edge Length Coding to Improve Long Sentence Parsing Performance ». Proceedings of the First Workshops on Advancing NLP for Low-Resource Languages. 13 September 2025, Varna, Bulgaria. URL: https://acl-bg.org/proceedings/2025/LowResNLP%202025/index.html (pp. 102-110)

Statistics of UD Old Occitan CorAG

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB

Features

ExtPos – Gender – Mood – Number – Person – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – aux:pass – case – cc – ccomp – conj – cop – csubj – det – discourse – discourse:enunc – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – iobj – mark – nmod – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – orphan – parataxis – punct – root – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• This corpus contains 1291 sentences, 44085 tokens and 45389 syntactic words.

• This corpus contains 4978 tokens (11%) that are not followed by a space.

• This corpus does not contain words with spaces.

• This corpus contains 305 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: de-, -lo, -los, a-, l', d', que-, e-, s', n', d’, no-, ss., -n, -s, -u, -us, .vi., l’, -la, Entre-dos-Mars, en-, P., si-, .LXVI., -lodit, -m, .i., .v., .xx., B., -en, -lodeyt, Arn., W., lo-, qui-, -si, .XXX., .iii., .x., .XL., -Arnaut, -que, .ix., so-, -i, -las, -nos, .lx.

• This corpus contains 1304 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.00 syntactic words.
• There are 188 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: deu, au, del, dels, deus, aus, que-ls, e-ls, als, que-n, que-u, no-s, al, e-l, lo-n, que-l, que-us, de-la, e-si, deudit, no-l, no-n, deudeyt, que-s, a-ffase, a-la, dequeg, e-nos, e-u, en-la, nou, per-abenture, ausquaus, e-la, eus, lo, pe-us, que-m, qui-ls, qui-s, si-l, a-ffar, audit, deldeyt, dequetz, fe-y, la-m, no-m, soque, a-nos.

Morphology

Tags

• This corpus uses 14 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB
• This corpus does not use the following tags: INTJ, SYM, X

• This corpus contains 4 word types tagged as particles (PART): -que, qe, que, que-

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): _

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): _

• Out of the above, 1 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: _

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): _

• Out of the above, 1 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: _

• There are 3 (de)verbal forms:

• Fin
  • AUX: es, fo, sie, aura, ere, son, a, ave, sera, sien
  • VERB: deu, ha, pot, es, judya, fe, fasse, ditz, dam, a

• Inf
  • AUX: esser, ester, avere, eser, estar, estre
  • VERB: far, dar, aver, pagar, judyar, jurar, bener, coelher, prener, responer

• Part
  • ADJ: avantditz, degude, dits, ditz, pleyteyantz, sabude, soberdiites, soberdit, soberdites, sobredeyt
  • AUX: estat, estade, estad, estatz
  • VERB: feyt, judyat, establit, feyte, dat, diit, tengut, feit, feytes, prees

Nominal Features

• Gender

• Fem
  • ADJ-Part: degude, sabude, soberdiites, soberdites, sobredeyta, susdites, dite, goarreyade, judyade, pleyteyantz
  • AUX-Part: estade
  • PRON: la, las, ere, aquere, la-, aqueres, cascune, aquestes, degune, une
  • VERB-Fin: mande
  • VERB-Part: feyte, feytes, dade, Conegude, audides, conoguda, tengudes, escriutes, pagade, prese

• Masc
  • ADJ-Part: avantditz, dits, ditz, soberdit, sobredeyt, avantdit, complitz, conogud, deputat, feytz
  • AUX-Part: estat, estad, estatz
  • PRON: lo, autre, -los, hom, los, so, ac, asso, eg, aqueg
  • VERB-Fin: audit, restituit
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, establit, dat, diit, tengut, feit, prees, mort, estan

• Number

• Plur
  • ADJ-Part: avantditz, dits, ditz, pleyteyantz, soberdiites, soberdites, susdites, complitz, feytz, obligatz
  • AUX-Fin: son, sien, an, auran, eren, seran, avem, fon, fossen, aven
  • AUX-Part: estatz
  • PRON: nos, -los, los, lor, -us, autres, las, aquegs, vos, aquetz
  • VERB-Fin: dam, autreiam, deven, devem, an, fassen, poden, son, bolem, pusquen
  • VERB-Part: feytes, estatz, audides, feytz, tengudes, datz, escriutes, tengutz, dadas, espleytatz

• Sing
  • ADJ-Part: degude, sabude, soberdit, sobredeyta, avantdit, conogud, deputat, dite, goarreyade, judyade
  • AUX-Fin: es, fo, sie, aura, ere, a, ave, sera, fos, ha
  • AUX-Part: estat, estade, estad
  • PRON: lo, autre, l', hom, so, ac, asso, eg, jo, la
  • VERB-Fin: deu, ha, pot, es, judya, fe, fasse, ditz, a, ave
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, establit, feyte, dat, diit, tengut, feit, prees, mort

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

• Mood

• Cnd
  • VERB-Fin: requerie, habundarie

• Ind
  • AUX-Fin: avem, es, fo, son
  • VERB-Fin: deu, dam, autreiam, devem, deven, dey, do, pot, alargam, armat

• Sub
  • AUX-Fin: sie, fos, sien, fosse, sies
  • VERB-Fin: fasse, pagui, digue, pagas, aye, fes, pusque, adobi, ani, daunas

• Tense

• Fut
  • VERB-Fin: aura, dara, dare, parceran, pravare, tornara, valera
  • VERB-Part: applicadore, aveniduy, ordenaduy

• Past
  • ADJ-Part: avantditz, degude, dits, ditz, sabude, soberdiites, soberdit, soberdites, sobredeyt, sobredeyta
  • AUX-Fin: fos, fo, fosse
  • AUX-Part: estat, estade, estad, estatz
  • VERB-Fin: pagas, fes, daunas, tengos, audit, cumplis, exis, proas, abengos, abengosen
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, establit, feyte, dat, diit, tengut, feit, feytes, prees

• Pres
  • ADJ-Part: pleyteyantz, estan, viandant
  • AUX-Fin: sie, sien, avem, es, fosse, sies, son
  • VERB-Fin: deu, dam, autreiam, fasse, devem, pagui, digue, aye, pusque, adobi
  • VERB-Part: estan, disen, disent, contrastan, fasen, fazen, sercan, aven, ceden, clamant

• Voice

• Pass
  • ADJ-Part: avantditz, dits, ditz, sabude, soberdiites, soberdit, soberdites, sobredeyt, sobredeyta, susdites
  • VERB-Fin: audit, restituit
  • VERB-Part: judyat, establit, feyt, feyte, diit, tengut, Conegude, dade, audides, conoguda

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType

• Dem
  • PRON: so, ac, asso, aqueg, aquero, a-, aqued, aquegs, a, aquetz

• Ind
  • PRON: autre, hom, autres, un, cascun, tot, totz, aute, mes, arres

• Int
  • PRON: qui

• Neg
  • PRON: augu, augun, negun, auguns, degun, degune, nulhs, aucun, neg, negu

• Prs
  • PRON: y, lo, en, se, ne, -n, n', i, s', nos

• Rel
  • PRON: qui, que, ont, qui-, on, loquoau, losquoaus, que-, cui, losquaus

• Poss

• Yes
  • PRON: sons, lors, soes, sos

• Reflex

• Yes
  • PRON: se, s', -s, si, me, -m, -se, si-, sii, en

• Person

• 1
  • AUX-Fin: avem, ey, suy, auem, agu, aiam, em
  • PRON: nos, jo, mi, me, -m, -nos, m', io, yo, -mi
  • VERB-Fin: dam, autreiam, devem, dey, bolem, dic, ey, manam, mandam, avem

• 2
  • PRON: -us, vos, bos, t'
  • VERB-Fin: ditz, fasatz, suple, Sapiatz, deffendat, devetz, fassatz, gardatz, leschiat, mandetz

• 3
  • AUX-Fin: es, fo, sie, aura, ere, son, a, ave, sera, sien
  • PRON: lo, se, s', autre, l', -los, hom, los, eg, -s
  • VERB-Fin: deu, ha, pot, es, judya, fe, fasse, ditz, a, ave

Other Features

• ExtPos
  • ADP
    • ADP: entro, per, contra, ob, saub, ses, Seis, ab, am, aprees
    • ADV: fore, no, quant, ensemps, for, senes, sino
    • SCONJ: cum
  • ADV
    • ADP: per
    • ADV: tant, ayssi, no, aixi, assi, ayssi-, certas, sino, tantes, tot
    • PRON: so, so-
    • SCONJ: si, -si, ayssicum, se
    • VERB-Fin: es
  • CCONJ
    • ADV: ayssi, aixi, ayssi-
  • SCONJ
    • ADP: entro, per, ab, en, segont, de, exceptat, saub, segon, a
    • ADV: ayssi, tant, sino, aixi, apres, puix, ont, aissi, abantz, asi
    • CCONJ: pero
    • NOUN: rason
    • SCONJ: si, jassia, jassie, affin, cum, mentra, sinauque
    • VERB-Part: pausat, actendut

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: _.

• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: _.
• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as passive auxiliaries (aux:pass). Examples: _.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

• nsubj
  • VERB--NOUN (181)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(_) (1)
  • VERB--PRON (195)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (794)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (537)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (3)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (3)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (227)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (176)

• obj
  • VERB--NOUN (207)
  • VERB--PRON (103)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (698)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(_) (2)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (343)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (302)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN-ADP(_) (1)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (156)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (146)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(_) (1)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (108)

• iobj
  • VERB--PRON (15)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (182)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (42)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (47)

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

• This corpus contains 3 lemmas that occur at least once with a reflexive core object (obj or iobj). Examples: _ -s, _ se, _ si-

Relations Overview

• This corpus uses 3 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, aux:pass, discourse:enunc
• The following 7 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: vocative, clf, compound, list, goeswith, reparandum, dep

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