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UD Old Occitan CorAG

Language: Old Occitan (code: pro)
Family: IE

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.16 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Barbara Francioni, Natalia Romanova, Rayan Ziane, Khensa Daoudi, Pierre Larrivée.

Repository: UD_Old_Occitan-CorAG
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.18

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: legal

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Old Occitan-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [natalia • romanova (æt) unicaen • fr]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation	Source
Lemmas	assigned by a program, not checked manually
UPOS	annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS	not available
Features	not available
Relations	annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

UD_Old_Occitan-CorAG (Corpus de l’Ancien Gascon) is a corpus of medieval and early modern legal texts in Gascon, a variety of Old Occitan. The texts were digitized from existing editions and subsequently manually annotated in Universal Dependencies (PoS, functions and some morphological features).

In May 2026, CorAG corpus contains six medieval texts and a section of a sixteenth-century text:

Title	Year	Code	Edition
Coutumes et Privilèges de l’Entre-Deux-Mers	1214-1342	1214-1342_Deux	Lépicier 1861
Coutume de Banières	1251	1251_Bagn	Maldonado 2022
Coutume de Banières	1260	1260_Bagn	Maldonado 2022
Charte des Boucheries d’Orthez	1270	1270_Orthez	Glessgen 2022
Charte d’Herrère	1278	1278_Herr	Glessgen (unpublished)
Les Fors Anciens de Béarn	1460	1460_Bearn	Ourliac & Gilles 1990
Stil de la justicy (partial)	1564	1564_Stil	Rovier 1663

Acknowledgments

The corpus is part of Professor Pierre Larrivée’s (University of Caen) Senior membership project with the Institut Universitaire de France.

Manual annotation was performed by Barbara Francioni with the help from Natasha Romanova. Technical support by Rayan Ziane and Khensa Daoudi. Digitization by Christelle Violette. Project coordination by Natasha Romanova.

We thank Professor Martin Glessgen and his team at the University of Zurich (authors of the online resource Documents linguistiques galloromans for provinding us with their editions of the thirteenth-century texts included in the corpus.

The version of the treebank from November 2025 can also be consulted and queried via the CRISCO Lab (University of Caen) TXM portal where 1240-1314_Deux and 1460_Bearn are also available consultation as a digital edition (Larrivée P. & Francioni B. (ed.) 2026. CorAG Corpus, v. 1.2 (EA 4255). Caen: CRISCO).

We thank the members of the Modern Occitan Tolosa Treebank for their help and advice in the early stages of the annotation process.

References

To cite the corpus, please refer to:

• Romanova, Natasha, Ziane, Rayan & Francioni, Barbara, 2025. « Adaptation of models for parsing of Old Gascon ». Proceedings of Journées scientifiques du réseau thématique LIFT2 linguistique informatique, formelle et de terrain. 16-17 October 2025, Paris. URL: https://lift2-2025.sciencesconf.org/667164 (8pp.)

See also:

• Daoudi, Khensa, Dehouck, Mathieu, Romanova, Natasha & Ziane, Rayan, 2025. « Explicit Edge Length Coding to Improve Long Sentence Parsing Performance ». Proceedings of the First Workshops on Advancing NLP for Low-Resource Languages. 13 September 2025, Varna, Bulgaria. URL: https://acl-bg.org/proceedings/2025/LowResNLP%202025/index.html (pp. 102-110)

Statistics of UD Old Occitan CorAG

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB

Features

ExtPos – Gender – Mood – Number – Person – Polarity – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – aux:pass – case – cc – ccomp – conj – cop – csubj – det – discourse – discourse:enunc – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – iobj – mark – nmod – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – orphan – parataxis – punct – root – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• This corpus contains 1486 sentences, 51028 tokens and 52539 syntactic words.

• This corpus contains 4978 tokens (10%) that are not followed by a space.

• This corpus does not contain words with spaces.

• This corpus contains 335 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: de-, -lo, a-, l', -los, d', que-, s', e-, n', d’, no-, ss., -n, -s, -u, -lodit, -us, .vi., l’, -la, Entre-dos-Mars, en-, P., si-, .LXVI., -losdits, -en, -m, .i., .v., .xx., B., c., -lodeyt, Arn., W., lo-, qui-, -que, -si, .XXX., .iii., .x., qu', &c., .XL., -Arnaut, -queres, .ix.

• This corpus contains 1511 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.00 syntactic words.
• There are 213 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: deu, au, del, dels, deus, aus, que-ls, e-ls, als, que-n, deudit, que-u, aux, no-s, al, e-l, lo-n, que-l, que-us, de-la, e-si, audit, dequeres, no-l, no-n, ausdits, deudeyt, deusdits, que-s, a-ffase, a-la, dequeg, dequere, e-nos, e-u, en-la, nou, per-abenture, ausquaus, e-la, eus, lo, pe-us, que-m, qui-ls, qui-s, sen, si-l, a-ffar, deldeyt.

Morphology

Tags

• This corpus uses 14 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB
• This corpus does not use the following tags: INTJ, SYM, X

• This corpus contains 4 word types tagged as particles (PART): -que, qe, que, que-

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): _

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): _

• Out of the above, 1 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: _

• This corpus contains 1 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): _

• Out of the above, 1 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: _

• There are 3 (de)verbal forms:

• Fin
  • AUX: es, sera, fo, sie, son, aura, seran, ere, a, sien
  • VERB: deu, es, pot, ha, judya, fe, fasse, a, ditz, dam

• Inf
  • AUX: esser, ester, aver, estar, estre, avere, eser, esta, haber
  • VERB: far, dar, aver, estar, pagar, jurar, prener, responer, judyar, bener

• Part
  • ADJ: sobredeyt, sobredeytas, sobredeyta, sobredeytz, sobredeyts, avantditz, quitis, degude, degudas, dits
  • AUX: estat, estade, estant, estad, estada, estadas, estades, estats, estatz
  • VERB: feyt, judyat, feyte, establit, tengut, dat, feytes, passat, deyt, diit

Nominal Features

• Gender

• Fem
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeytas, sobredeyta, degude, degudas, susdites, irade, sabude, soberdiites, soberdites, connegude
  • AUX-Part: estade, estada, estadas, estades
  • DET: augune
  • PRON: la, las, aqueres, aquere, aqueras, ere, questas, -queres, autras, la-
  • VERB-Fin: mande
  • VERB-Part: feyte, feytes, feyta, dade, Conegude, passade, recebudes, audides, conoguda, bailhade

• Masc
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeyt, sobredeytz, sobredeyts, avantditz, quitis, dits, amat, amatz, deputat, ditz
  • AUX-Part: estat, estant, estad, estats, estatz
  • DET: augun
  • PRON: lo, los, -los, luy, hom, lor, asso, ac, eg, aqueg
  • VERB-Fin: audit, deu, restituit
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, establit, tengut, dat, passat, deyt, diit, feit, acostumat

• Neut
  • PRON: so, ag, ac, ço, -ço, o, -quero, -quet, acquet
  • VERB-Part: Notum, Actum

• Number

• Plur
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeytas, sobredeytz, sobredeyts, avantditz, degudas, dits, susdites, amatz, ditz, pleyteyantz
  • AUX-Fin: son, seran, sien, an, avem, sian, auran, eran, eren, fossen
  • AUX-Part: estadas, estades, estats, estatz
  • PRON: nos, los, -los, lor, vos, autres, edz, -us, las, aquetz
  • VERB-Fin: dam, autreiam, deven, deben, son, devem, an, fassen, poden, bolem
  • VERB-Part: feytes, estatz, feytz, recebudes, audides, passats, tengutz, datz, feytas, tengudes

• Sing
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeyt, sobredeyta, quitis, degude, amat, deputat, irade, requerit, retardat, sabude
  • AUX-Fin: es, sera, fo, sie, aura, ere, a, ave, fos, ha
  • AUX-Part: estat, estade, estant, estad, estada
  • DET: augun, augune
  • PRON: lo, autre, so, l', luy, hom, asso, ac, eg, jo
  • VERB-Fin: deu, es, pot, ha, judya, fe, fasse, a, ditz, ave
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, feyte, establit, tengut, dat, deyt, diit, feit, passat

Degree and Polarity

• Polarity

• Neg
  • ADJ: nulle, augun
  • ADP: sens, senhs, sentz, ses, chens, senes
  • ADV: no, no-, non, que, gayres, mes, -no, mais, plus, augunement
  • CCONJ: ni, ne, ny, ni-, ne-
  • DET: nulh, nulhe, aucuna, nulhs, null, degune, aucun, degun, nulha, negune
  • PRON: res, negun, augune, aucun, augun, augunes, degun, nulhs, re

Verbal Features

• Mood

• Cnd
  • AUX-Fin: aye
  • VERB-Fin: requerie, habundarie, poeyré

• Ind
  • AUX-Fin: sera, seran, es, son, aura, à, auran, ere, ey, avem
  • VERB-Fin: deu, dam, autreiam, es, poeyra, pot, bailhera, devem, fara, poeyran

• Sub
  • AUX-Fin: sie, sien, fos, fosse, fossen, ayen, sia, sies
  • VERB-Fin: fasse, pagui, aye, digue, fasats, pagas, fes, pusque, adobi, ani

• Tense

• Fut
  • ADJ-Part: iuratory, decisory, defendaduyra, fasedeyra, fasedor, frustratoris, habeduyra, juraduyra, sequideyra, servadeyra
  • AUX-Fin: sera, seran, aura, auran, son
  • VERB-Fin: poeyra, bailhera, fara, poeyran, aura, sera, viendran, bailheran, demorera, appartiendra
  • VERB-Part: applicadors, MISsoris, anadurs, applicadore, arbitradore, aveniduy, contingut, donadeyra, donadeyras, fasadeyra

• Imp
  • AUX-Fin: ere, fosse, fossen
  • VERB-Fin: accordassen, fasse, passabe, purgasse, recusasse, troubassen

• Past
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeyt, sobredeytas, sobredeyta, sobredeytz, sobredeyts, avantditz, quitis, degude, degudas, dits
  • AUX-Fin: fos, fo, fosse
  • AUX-Part: estat, estade, estad, estada, estadas, estades, estats, estatz
  • VERB-Fin: pagas, fes, daunas, tengos, audit, cumplis, exis, proas, abengos, abengosen
  • VERB-Part: feyt, judyat, feyte, establit, tengut, dat, feytes, passat, deyt, diit

• Pres
  • ADJ-Part: pleyteyantz, alugantz, comparentes, domandante, enseguens, estan, impetrante, mentagutz, partens, requerente
  • AUX-Fin: es, sie, sien, son, à, ey, avem, ez, a, aye
  • AUX-Part: estant
  • VERB-Fin: deu, dam, autreiam, fasse, es, pot, devem, pagui, aye, digue
  • VERB-Part: estan, disen, seguin, disent, fasen, reffondin, contrastan, declaran, fazen, requeren

• Voice

• Pass
  • ADJ-Part: sobredeyt, sobredeytas, sobredeyta, sobredeytz, sobredeyts, avantditz, quitis, degudas, dits, susdites
  • VERB-Fin: audit, restituit
  • VERB-Part: judyat, feyt, establit, feyte, tengut, deyt, diit, feyta, feytes, dit

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType

• Dem
  • PRON: so, asso, ac, aqueg, ag, aquetz, aquero, a-, aqued, aquegs

• Ind
  • PRON: autre, hom, autres, c., un, augu, &c., tot, augun, totz

• Neg
  • DET: augun, augune, augunes
  • PRON: negun, res, augun, auguns, ren, degun, degune, aucun, augune, augunes

• Prs
  • PRON: se, lo, nos, y, los, en, s', l', -los, luy

• Rel
  • PRON: qui, que, losquaus, ont, lasquaus, loquau, qui-, laquau, on, -que

• Poss

• Yes
  • PRON: sons, nostre, nostres, sonx, lors, soes, sont, sos, vostres

• Reflex

• Yes
  • PRON: se, s', -s, si, me, s'-, -m, -se, si-, sii

• Person

• 1
  • AUX-Fin: avem, ey, suy, auem, em, agu, aiam, ayam, eram, siam
  • PRON: nos, jo, mi, me, -m, -nos, io, m', nous, -mi
  • VERB-Fin: dam, autreiam, devem, dey, bolem, mandam, dic, ey, manam, avem

• 2
  • AUX-Fin: edz, avetz, serat
  • PRON: vos, -us, vous, bos, t', vostres
  • VERB-Fin: ditz, fasats, sapiat, fassatz, sapiatz, suple, audiretz, fasatz, saubets, Intellige

• 3
  • AUX-Fin: es, sera, fo, sie, son, aura, seran, ere, a, sien
  • AUX-Part: estats
  • PRON: se, lo, y, los, en, s', l', -los, luy, lor
  • VERB-Fin: deu, es, pot, ha, judya, fe, fasse, a, ditz, ave
  • VERB-Part: pribat, damouran, estan, feyt, reffondin, testimoniats

Other Features

• ExtPos
  • ADP
    • ADP: entro, per, d', saub, contra, ob, ses, Seis, ab, am
    • ADV: fore, quant, no, abant, afin, comme, ensemps, for, sino, senes
    • SCONJ: cum, si
  • ADV
    • ADP: per, de
    • ADV: tant, ayssi, no, aixi, assi, ayssi-, certas, cum, si, sino
    • PRON: so, so-, ço
    • SCONJ: si, cum, -si, ayssicum, se
    • VERB-Fin: es
  • CCONJ
    • ADV: ayssi, tout, aixi, ayssi-, ensemps
  • SCONJ
    • ADP: entro, per, en, ab, de, segont, à, saub, senhs, a
    • ADV: tant, ayssi, sino, aixi, sinon, apres, puix, auparauant, ont, aissi
    • CCONJ: pero
    • NOUN: rason, sobres
    • SCONJ: si, jassia, jassie, affin, cum, mentra, dequé, que, sinauque
    • VERB-Part: pausat, actendut, expausat

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: _.

• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: _.
• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as passive auxiliaries (aux:pass). Examples: _.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

• nsubj
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (1015)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (730)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (8)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (4)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (426)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(_) (2)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (268)

• obj
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (898)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(_) (2)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (447)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (446)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN-ADP(_) (3)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (204)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (218)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(_) (1)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (132)

• iobj
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (201)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (49)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (61)

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

• This corpus contains 3 lemmas that occur at least once with a reflexive core object (obj or iobj). Examples: _ se, _ -s, _ si-

Relations Overview

• This corpus uses 3 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, aux:pass, discourse:enunc
• The following 7 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: vocative, clf, compound, list, goeswith, reparandum, dep

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