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UD Kashmiri Zaan

Language: Kashmiri (code: ks)
Family: IE

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.19 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Rimsha Abid, Hiwa Asadpour, Luigi Talamo, Annemarie Verkerk.

Repository: UD_Kashmiri-Zaan
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.19

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: wiki, grammar-examples

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Kashmiri-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [abid • rimsha01 (æt) gmail • com]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS not available
Features annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

A Kashmiri treebank in Perso-Arabic script with two parts: 80 sentences from the Kashmiri Wikipedia article on Jawaharlal Nehru, and 100 grammar example sentences from Omkar N. Koul’s Kashmiri: A Grammatical Sketch. Lemmas, UPOS, features and dependency relations were annotated manually.

The treebank has 180 sentences, 2,148 tokens and 2,149 syntactic words (one token is split into two words). The two parts can be told apart by the sentence IDs.

Part Sentence IDs Sentences Tokens Syntactic words Non-punctuation words Average length (words)
Nehru ks_nehru_001 – ks_nehru_078 (with ks_nehru_066b, ks_nehru_069b) 80 1,487 1,488 1,301 18.6 (6–49)
Grammar sentences ks_grammar_001 – ks_grammar_100 100 661 661 655 6.6 (4–12)
Total   180 2,148 2,149 1,956  

Nehru part. Encyclopedic prose from the Kashmiri Wikipedia article جَواہَر لال نِہروٗ (https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/جَواہَر_لال_نِہروٗ), revision 136894 of 2 May 2026 (https://ks.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=136894). The text was checked against the article on 28 October 2026; the two later revisions (147176 and 149406, both bot edits) change only references and categories, not the sentences used here. Sentences 66 and 69 of the article text each contain two sentences and are split into ks_nehru_066 + ks_nehru_066b and ks_nehru_069 + ks_nehru_069b.

Grammar sentences part. Example sentences from Omkar N. Koul, Kashmiri: A Grammatical Sketch (Indian Institute of Language Studies), where they are given in Roman transcription. They illustrate copular, relative and correlative clauses, questions, negation, coordination, passives, reflexives, reciprocals and conditional, causal and concessive clauses. The Perso-Arabic spelling was written by the annotator, following the spelling used in the Nehru part. Where the book shows alternatives (a/b, or a form marked * as ungrammatical), only the grammatical form is included.

Annotation was done manually in Arborator-Grew (project kashmiri perso arabic, https://arborator.grew.fr/?#/projects/kashmiri%20perso%20arabic). XPOS and enhanced dependencies are not annotated. The annotation rules are described in the Kashmiri documentation page (docs/_ks/index.md).

Sentence-level comments

Comment Nehru Grammar sentences
# sent_id, # text, # translit, # translation, # rtl = yes yes yes
# original_text: the sentence as written in the Wikipedia article yes —
# gloss: English word-by-word gloss — yes

# text is the real text: spaces are as in the source, and a token not followed by a space has SpaceAfter=No. In the Nehru part, # text is identical to # original_text except in ks_nehru_009, ks_nehru_012 and ks_nehru_068, where the source has a space inside a word (دُنؠ یا, اِنسٲنؠ یَتھ, بُنؠ یاد) and the token is written joined. # translit uses one transliteration system for both parts and is generated from the Perso-Arabic text; the system is described in the documentation page.

Counts

UPOS (14 of the 17 universal tags; INTJ, SYM and X do not occur):

UPOS Count UPOS Count
NOUN 419 PUNCT 193
PROPN 275 ADJ 132
VERB 245 CCONJ 74
ADP 234 ADV 69
PRON 203 PART 55
AUX 138 NUM 49
    DET 40
    SCONJ 23

The data uses these features: Gender (Fem, Masc), Mood (Imp, Ind), Number (Plur, Sing), NumType (Card), Person (1, 2, 3), Polarity (Neg), Poss (Yes), PronType (Art, Dem, Ind, Int, Prs, Rel, Tot), Reflex (Yes), Tense (Fut, Past, Pres), VerbForm (Conv, Fin, Inf, Part).

Relations (31): acl, acl:relcl, advcl, advmod, amod, appos, aux, aux:pass, case, cc, ccomp, compound, compound:redup, conj, cop, csubj, det, flat, iobj, mark, nmod, nsubj, nsubj:pass, nummod, obj, obl, obl:agent, parataxis, punct, root, xcomp.

The data has 615 distinct lemmas and 863 distinct word forms. All counts were produced with conllu-stats.pl from the UD tools.

Acknowledgments

The treebank was reviewed by Hiwa Asadpour (28 October 2026).

Statistics of UD Kashmiri Zaan

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB

Features

Gender – Mood – Number – NumType – Person – Polarity – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – aux:pass – case – cc – ccomp – compound – compound:redup – conj – cop – csubj – det – flat – iobj – mark – nmod – nsubj – nsubj:pass – nummod – obj – obl – obl:agent – parataxis – punct – root – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

Relations Overview