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UD Cebuano GJA

Language: Cebuano (code: ceb)
Family: Austronesian

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.10 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Glyd Aranes.

Repository: UD_Cebuano-GJA
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.19

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: grammar-examples

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Cebuano-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [glyd • aranes (æt) helsinki • fi; glyd • aranes (æt) gmail • com]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation	Source
Lemmas	annotated manually
UPOS	annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS	not available
Features	annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations	annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

UD_Cebuano_GJA is a collection of annotated Cebuano sample sentences randomly taken from three different sources: community-contributed samples from the website Tatoeba, a Cebuano grammar book by Bunye & Yap (1971) and Tanangkinsing’s reference grammar on Cebuano (2011).

This treebank is composed of 208 sample sentences across various sources: 58 sentences from Bunye and Yap’s book, 46 sentences from Tanangkinsing’s books, 84 sentences taken from Tatoeba, and 20 sentences which are translations of the Cairo sentences. Annotation was done manually by Glyd Jun Arañes as part of his MA Thesis at the University of Eastern Finland for his Master’s Degree in Linguistic Data Sciences.

For suggestions on the treebank, you can contact Glyd through this email: glyd.aranes@helsinki.fi; glyd.aranes@gmail.com

Acknowledgments

References

• Bunye, M. & Yap, E. (1971). Cebuano for beginners. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu, USA. ISBN: 9780824879778
• Tanangkinsing, M. (2011). A functional reference grammar of Cebuano: from a discourse perspective. Vol 1 & 2. Lambert Academic Publishing: Saarbrücken, Germany. ISBN: 978-3-8465-1024-7 / 978-3-8465-9150-5
• Tatoeba (2022). Sentences in Cebuano. From: https://tatoeba.org/en/sentences/show_all_in/ceb/none

Statistics of UD Cebuano GJA

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB

Features

Aspect – Case – Clusivity – Definitizer – Degree – Deixis – ExtPos – Foreign – Gender – Mood – Neutral – Number – PartType – Person – Polarity – PronType – Voice

Relations

acl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – case – cc – ccomp – compound – compound:redup – conj – csubj – det – discourse – fixed – flat – mark – nmod – nsubj – nummod – obj – obl – parataxis – punct – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• This corpus contains 208 sentences, 1412 tokens and 1519 syntactic words.

• This corpus contains 227 tokens (16%) that are not followed by a space.

• This corpus does not contain words with spaces.

• This corpus contains 23 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: -ng, -g, bag-o, kanus-a, pag-abot, Gi-hold, Mag-unsa, Maka-iningles, Nag-unsa, Pag-ayo, ginatan-awan, gitudloa-, himo-an, ing-ana, ju-, mag-idad, naga-ulan, nagtan-aw, nawad-an, nitan-aw, panghuna-huna, second-hand, ting-init

• This corpus contains 105 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.02 syntactic words.
• There are 55 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: iyang, akong, imong, Nganong, among, Daghang, anang, bag-ong, ilang, inyong, kag, kanang, katong, kog, pwedeng, silang, siyag, Ayawg, Karong, Maayong, Mura'g, Pag-ayo-ayo, Pasayloang, Siging, Totong, adis-adis, bang, batang, gitudloag, gustog, igsoong, imohang, inusarang, iyahang, jung, kadugayg, kang, kaning, kong, labing, mig, ming, mipasiugdang, mong, nagtuong, nakog, nang, natawhang, niadtong, ning.

Morphology

Tags

• This corpus uses 14 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB
• This corpus does not use the following tags: AUX, SYM, X

• This corpus contains 31 word types tagged as particles (PART): -g, -ng, Ambot, Bitaw, ayaw, ba, di, diay, dili, gani, gud, gyud, intawon, ju-, jud, ka, kay, kuno, lagi, lang, man, mas, may, na, nga, nuon, pa, pay, ra, usa, wala

• This corpus contains 18 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): ako, ana, ani, ikaw, imo, inyo, iya, kadto, kami, kamo, kana, kani, kini, kinsa, kita, sila, siya, unsa

• This corpus contains 2 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): daghan, mga

• This corpus contains 0 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX):

• This corpus does not use the VerbForm feature.

Nominal Features

• Gender

• Fem
  • ADJ: gwapa, Guwapa
  • NOUN: babaye, amiga, babae
  • PROPN: Mary, Ditang, Maria, Alicia, Ana, Carmen, Inday, Josie

• Masc
  • ADJ: gwapo
  • NOUN: amigo, lalake, tatay
  • PROPN: Tom, Pedro, Peter, Juan, Adot, Lito, Rolando, Ruben, Tonying, Toto

• Number

• Dual
  • PRON: taka, tika

• Plur
  • DET: mga, Daghan
  • NOUN: kaislahan
  • PRON: mi, sila, amo, ila, inyo, ta, kamiy, miy, silay

• Sing
  • PRON: ko, siya, iya, ka, ako, imo, nako, nimo, niya, imoha

• Case

• Dat
  • ADP: sa, kang, ug, -g, kay, og

• Gen
  • ADP: ni, ug, -g, sa, og
  • PRON: siya, iya, imo, nako, ko, nimo, niya, amo, imoha, ila

• Nom
  • ADP: ang, si, -g, -ng
  • PRON: ko, ka, ako, mi, sila, koy, ikaw, ta, taka, tika

Degree and Polarity

• Degree

• Pos
  • ADJ: Maayo, adis, bag-o, dako, hawod, taas, gwapa, Buutan, Duol, Hapit

• Sup
  • ADJ: pinakataas

• Polarity

• Neg
  • ADV: Wala, dili
  • PART: dili, wala, ayaw, di, Ambot
  • VERB: wala

Verbal Features

• Aspect

• Imp
  • VERB: moadto, ganahan, tabangan, Kinahanglan, Liguon, Silhigan, kasabot, Gigutom, Giuhaw, Limpyohan

• Perf
  • VERB: gibuhat, Gisulayan, Gitawag, gihigugma, nagsulat, Gi-hold, Gibilanggo, Gibutang, Gidungog, Gikinahanglan

• Prosp
  • VERB: masayod, Maka-iningles, Mamalit, Nakahukom, Nakalimtan, Nakamedalya, Nasuka, himo-an, mahimo, mahimuot

• Mood

• Imp
  • VERB: Ipalit, Padayona, Pag-ayo, Pagdali, Pakitaa, abrihi, ipasa, kaguol, pagpataka, paliti

• Ind
  • VERB: moadto, ganahan, gibuhat, tabangan, Gisulayan, Gitawag, Kinahanglan, Liguon, Silhigan, gihigugma

• Pot
  • VERB: Maka-iningles, Nakabantay, Nakahukom, Nakalimtan, Nakamedalya, Nasuka, himo-an, mahimo, mainitan, makaadto

• Voice

• Act
  • VERB: moadto, masayod, nagsulat, Mag-unsa, Magpabilin, Magtigom, Maka-iningles, Mamalit, Moabot, Mobalik

• Ifoc
  • VERB: Ipalit, Pakitaa, abrihi, ipasa

• Lfoc
  • VERB: Limpyohan, himo-an, paliti

• Pass
  • VERB: ganahan, gibuhat, tabangan, Gisulayan, Gitawag, Kinahanglan, Liguon, Silhigan, gihigugma, kasabot

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType

• Dem
  • ADV: Niay, Toa, Tua, nia, to
  • PRON: kini, ana, kana, kato, ni, niadto, Unsay, ani, ato, kani

• Ind
  • DET: mga, Daghan

• Int
  • ADV: Ngano, Asa, Kanus-a, Pilay, Tagpila
  • PRON: unsa, kinsa, Unsay

• Prs
  • PRON: ko, siya, iya, ka, ako, imo, mi, nako, nimo, niya

• Person

• 1
  • PRON: ko, ako, mi, nako, amo, koy, ta, taka, tika, Akoy

• 2
  • PRON: ka, imo, nimo, imoha, ikaw, inyo, mo

• 3
  • PRON: siya, iya, niya, sila, ila, siyay, iyaha, silay

Other Features

• Clusivity
  • Ex
    • PRON: mi, amo, kamiy, miy
  • In
    • PRON: ta, taka, tika

• Definitizer
  • Yes
    • ADJ: kadugaya, Samoka
    • NOUN: lenggwahea

• Deixis
  • Med
    • PRON: ana, kana
  • Prox
    • ADV: Ari, Dira, dinhi, Niay, nia
    • PRON: kini, ni, ana, ani, kani, niini
  • Remt
    • ADV: didto, Tua, Toa, to
    • PRON: kato, niadto, ato, to

• ExtPos
  • ADP
    • ADP: para, alang, bahin, gikan, hangtud
  • ADV
    • ADV: pipila
  • SCONJ
    • SCONJ: sukad, tungod

• Foreign
  • Yes
    • NOUN: bronze, frog, gold, orange, pet, silver
    • NUM: thirty

• Neutral
  • Yes
    • ADV: Pilay, nay, Niay
    • NUM: Duhay
    • PART: may, pay
    • PRON: Unsay, koy, siyay, Akoy, kamiy, miy
    • VERB: Nagkitaay

• PartType
  • Int
    • PART: ba

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

• This corpus does not contain copulas.

• This corpus does not contain auxiliaries.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

• nsubj
  • VERB--NOUN (3)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(ang) (27)
  • VERB--PRON-Gen (33)
  • VERB--PRON-Nom (62)

• obj
  • VERB--NOUN (14)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(sa) (20)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(ug) (17)
  • VERB--PRON-Gen (9)
  • VERB--PRON-Gen-ADP(sa) (1)
  • VERB--PRON-Nom (5)

• iobj

Relations Overview

• This corpus uses 1 relation subtypes: compound:redup
• The following 11 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: iobj, expl, dislocated, aux, cop, clf, list, orphan, goeswith, reparandum, dep

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