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UD Old English Cairo

Language: Old English (code: ang)
Family: IE

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v2.16 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Lauren Levine, Junghyun Min, Amir Zeldes.

Repository: UD_Old_English-Cairo
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.17

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: grammar-examples

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Old English-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [amir • zeldes (æt) georgetown • edu]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation Source
Lemmas annotated manually
UPOS annotated manually, natively in UD style
XPOS annotated manually
Features annotated manually, natively in UD style
Relations annotated manually, natively in UD style

Description

Old English Cairo sentences with UD and additional annotations

Old English Cairo sentences with UD and additional annotations relevant to its historicity like hyperlemma, Indo-European root, and gloss.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the students in the course Corpus Approaches to Historical Linguistics at Georgetown University for participating in the course and the creation of the dataset:

Abdullah Alasman, Cynthia Li, Dan DeGenaro, Devika Tiwari, Eamon Maloney, Elli Ahn, Erin Tirpak, Junghyun Min, Kate Whipple, Lauren Levine, Nola Goodwin, Wesley Scivetti, Wyatt Roder

… and other annotators who wish to remain anonymous.

References

Please refer to the following article for more information on the dataset and its creation, or for citation purposes.

Lauren Levine, Junghyun Min, and Amir Zeldes (2025). Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom.

@misc{levine2025building,
title={Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom},
author={Lauren Levine and Junghyun Min and Amir Zeldes},
year={2025},
eprint={2504.18718},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18718},
}

Statistics of UD Old English Cairo

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – NOUN – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – VERB

Features

Case – Degree – ExtPos – Gender – Mood – Number – Person – Tense – VerbForm

Relations

acl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – aux:pass – case – cc – cc:preconj – ccomp – conj – cop – csubj – det – expl – fixed – flat – iobj – mark – nmod:poss – nsubj – nsubj:pass – obj – obl – obl:unmarked – orphan – punct – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Morphology

Tags

Nominal Features

Degree and Polarity

Verbal Features

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

Relations Overview