UD for Swedish 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are generally delimited by whitespace or punctuation. Exceptions:
- Numerical expressions (including dates) are treated as single words and may contain punctuation or whitespace: 1.1.1970, 11:00, 2 000.
- Abbreviations are treated as single words and may contain punctuation or whitespace: t.ex., bl a.
- Multiword tokens are not used in Swedish.
Morphology
Tags
- Swedish uses all 17 universal tags.
- The only words tagged PART are the infinitive marker att and the negation particles inte, icke, ej.
- Auxiliaries (AUX) are all verbal in Swedish and can be grouped into four types:
- The copula vara (be).
- The temporal auxiliary ha (have), which combines with the supine form of the main verb to form perfect tenses.
- The passive auxiliary bli (get), which combines with the past participle of the main verb to form passives.
- Modal and aspectual verbs that combine with the bare infinitive of the main verb, such as måste (must) and kunde (could).
- The tag DET is used for articles and words used with a determiner function, excluding possessives. The tag PRON is used for possessives and for pronouns occurring as the head of a noun phrase.
- Participles (both present and past) are mainly used adjectivally in Swedish and are generally tagged ADJ. The only exception is that past participles used to form periphrastic passives with the auxiliary “bli” are tagged VERB.
For more information, see the list of Swedish POS tags.
Features
- Nouns have inherent Gender and inflect for Number (singular or plural), Definite (indefinite or definite) and Case (nominative or genitive).
- Verbs inflect for Voice (active or passive). Finite forms in indicative mood in addition inflect for Tense (present or past). There are three types of nonfinite forms: infinitives, participles (present and past), and supine (used to form perfect tenses together with the auxiliary have).
- Adjectives agree with nouns (in both attributive and predicate position) with respect to the features Gender, Number and Definite (although some adjectives do not distinguish all features). In addition, many adjectives inflect for Degree (positive, comparative, superlative) and for Case (although the genitive case only occurs when an adjective is used to head a noun phrase). Participles in addition have the features VerbForm and Tense, and ordinal numerals are classified for NumType.
- Adverbs inflect only for Degree.
- Personal pronouns inflect for Case with three values (nominative, accusative, genitive).
- Determiners agree with nouns in the same way as adjectives.
For more information, see the list of Swedish features.
Syntax
- Subjects have the following characteristics:
- Word order: Subjects immediately follow the finite verb and precede negation in verb-initial main clauses.
- Case marking: Subjects occur in nominative case without adpositions.
- Passivization: Subjects are suppressed when verbs (both intransitive and transitive) are passivized.
- Control: Subjects control the subjects of absolute adverbials.
- Relativization: Relative pronouns with subject function cannot be omitted.
- Objects have the following characteristics:
- Word order: Objects immediately follow the main verb unless topicalized.
- Case marking: Objects occur in nominative case (if nouns) or accusative case (if pronouns) without adpositions.
- Passivization: Objects become (non-expletive) subjects when verbs are passivized.
- The copula verb vara (be) is used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses. Existential clauses normally use a different verb (finnas).
- The following subtypes are used in Swedish:
- acl:cleft for cleft sentences
- acl:relcl for relative clauses
- advcl:relcl for relative clauses modifying a clause
- aux:pass for passive auxiliaries
- compound:prt for verb particles
- csubj:outer for external clausal subjects of predicative clauses
- csubj:pass for clausal subjects of passive verbs
- flat:name for exocentric complex names
- nmod:poss for possessive/genitive modifiers
- nsubj:outer for external nominal subjects of predicative clauses
- nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive verbs
- obl:agent for agents of passive verbs
For more information, see the list of Swedish relations.
Treebanks
There are three Swedish UD treebanks: