PartForm: form of participle
(Please note: the labels on this page, including the feature name
PartForm, are subject to change.)
Erzya has multiple participles forms, here termed the: PrsDet = Ycja, PrsTra = Yks, PrsPlain = Y, PrsCmp = Yshka, VGen = Onj, Telic = Ovt, NegConvPrc = apak, PastDyn = Ozj.
NegConvPrc: negative converb participle (апак)
The Apak participle, negative converb participle, is usually followed by a connegative form in the verbal adverb and verbal adjective functions. Additionally, it may be followed by the VGen or PastTemp participles.
Examples
- [myv] _ Лопа тарск тейсь ды таймаскадсь апак учонь те полавтовомадонть._ “Lopa gave a jump and was startled by this unexpected change in events.” (negative converb participle)
PastDyn: Past Dynamic (Озь) converb-participle
The -Ozj converb participle can form a minimal pair with the (Onj) participle, where the distinction is that the Past Temporal (Озь) converb-participle traces dynamic change, whereas the verbal genitive does not, see minimal pairs below.
Examples
- [myv] Салтозь куяртнэ тантейть “The salted cucumbers are delicious.” (Past dynamic (Озь) converb-participle)
- [myv] Салтонь куяртнэ тантейть “The salt [pickles] cucumbers are delicious.” (Verbal genitive (Онь) participle)
PrsDet: present participle
The Ycja participle is closely related to Yks, Yj, Y, Yshka, but the Ycja participle may also have a determiner nuance and is the regular form.
Examples
- [myv] лакыця ведь “boiling water” (present participle)
PrsTra: present translative participle
The PrsTra = Yks participle is closely related to the Ycja, Yj, Y and Yshka participles. The participle conveys an idea of POTENTIAL, and it is frequently associated with the deontic-telic passive in OvOms.
Examples
- [myv] , теке вечкевикс тейтерень паламо, лембе. “like the kiss of a girl [one] might fall in love with, warm” (present translative participle)
Telic: the telic
The telic participle is also known as the agent participle or Ovt-participle
Examples
- [myv] исень саевть одирьва “the bride taken yesterday”
- [myv] тонавтыцянь рамавт кудо “the house bought by a teacher”
VGen: Verbal genitive (Онь)
The -Onj participle, verbal genitive, can form a minimal pair with the Past dynamic (Озь) participle, where the distinction is that the verba genitive does not have a temporal tracing nuance, see minimal pairs below.
Examples
- [myv] Салтонь куяртнэ тантейть “The salt [pickles] cucumbers are delicious.” (Verbal genitive (Онь) participle)
- [myv] Салтозь куяртнэ тантейть “The salted cucumbers are delicious.” (Past Dynamic (Озь) converb-participle)
PartForm in other languages: [fi] [kpv] [krl] [mdf] [myv]