UD for Guajajara 
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are delimited by whitespace characters
-
According to typographical rules, many punctuation marks are attached to a neighboring word. They are given as separate tokens (words);
Morphology
Tags
- Guajajara uses 16 of the 17 universal POS categories.
ADJis not used since there is no separate class of adjectives. Modification by property consists of simple adjacency (juxtaposition) of the lexical roots:
jawar pinim jaguar spotted ‘spotted jaguar’
- Stative predicates and possessed nouns are expressed through the same construction (possessive predication):
he=∅-keneʔo 1.SG=Cont-tired ‘I am tired / I have tiredness’
he=∅-ʔaw 1.SG=Cont-hair ‘I have hair’
- Guajajara has many particles mainly with discourse functions:
| Particle | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| raʔa | Dubitative | Umaiʔu kwaharer aʔe raʔa ‘Has he already eaten?’ (Camargo et. al 2019: 835) |
| nehe | Intention | Aha putar aipo pe nehe ‘I intend to go there’ (cf. Harrison and Harrison 2013: 11) |
| riʔi | Certainty | |
| rihi | Permission/Possibility/Exhortation |
- UPOS are mapped to XPOS in Guajajara as below:
| UPOS | XPOS |
|---|---|
| ADV | adv |
| INTJ | intj |
| NOUN | n |
| PROPN | ppn |
| VERB | v, vi, vt |
| ADP | posp |
| AUX | aux |
| CCONJ | cc |
| DET | det |
| NUM | num |
| PART | pcl |
| PRON | pro |
| SCONJ | sc |
| PUNCT | punct |
| SYM | sym |
| X | x |
Nominal Features
- Guajajara nouns are not marked for gender or for number.
- Number is optionally marked by the particle wa:
U-puez u-kamir wà 3-wash 3.Corf-clothe PL ‘They wash their clothes’ (Harrison and Harrison 2013: 205)
- Person indexes and pronouns are given below:
| Person | Possessor indexes | Argument indexes | Inependent pronouns |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.SG | he= | a- | ihe |
| 2.SG | ne= | ere- | ne |
| 3 | u- | aʔe (demonstrative) | |
| 1.PL.IN | zane= | xi- / za- | zane |
| 1.PL.EX | ure= | uru- | uré |
| 2.PL | pe= | pe- | pe |
-
Possessor indexes, as the name suggests, only index possessors. They are marked not marked with PronType, but they are marked as Poss=Yes. Argument indexes are used with verbal predicates, as also are the portmanteau indexes (see below). Person indexes distinguish Number(Singular or Plural). They also distinguish Clusivity in the 1st person plural.
-
Nouns can take the following Cases:
All,Dat,Loc,TempandTra
| Case | Ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Translative | -(r)omo / -(r)umu | xixirogaturumu ‘transformed in different species’ |
| Allative | -pe | ʔɨ pe ‘to the lake’ |
| Locative | -pe | ko pe ‘in the field’ |
| Temporal | -re | aʔere ‘after it’ |
| Dative | -pe | izupe ‘to him/her/it’ |
The relational markers Rel, which indicate contiguity or non-contiguity between a head and its dependent, take respectively the following features: Rel=Cont and Rel=NCont. A third type or relational indicates that a possessor is not present, neither contiguously or non-contiguously. This relational is tagged Rel=Abs, for absolute. The reflexive/correferential morpheme u. which is often referred to as ‘relational3’ is associated with the feature-value Reflex=Yes. These are shown below:
| Rel | Form(s) | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Cont | ∅ ~ r | he-∅-hɨ ‘I have a mother’ |
| NCont | i ~ h | i-hɨ ‘his/her/its/their mother’ |
| Abs | t | t-ɨwɨr ‘his/her/their younger brother’ |
| Corf | u | u-hɨ ‘his/her/its/their own mother’ |
- Nouns may also be reduplicated in both ways denoting: plurality, collectivity, superlativity, and other semantic nuances. Numerals may also be reduplicated in order to indicate distribution.
- Nouns are also marked for tense.
Nominalizers
Nominalizers
Guajajara has many nominalizers with different functions. Lexical roots can be nominalized by suffixes that receive the following features: nominalization of circunstance Nomzr=Circ (-haw ‘thing, way of VERB’), passive nominalization Nomzr=Pas, deverbal passive nominalization Nomzr=DevPass (-pɨr ‘one that is VERB past participle’), Nomzr=Ag(-har ‘the VERB-_er_’).
| Nominalizer | function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| (e)mi- | passive deverbalizer | h-emi-eka ‘what is expected/waited for’. |
| -maʔe | relativizer | u-zegar-maʔe ‘the one who sings’. |
| -pɨr | passive deverbalizer | i-zuká-pɨr ‘the one who must be killed’ |
| -har | agentive nominalizer | i-zan-har ‘the one who runs’. |
| -haw | circunstantial nominalizer | i-ker-haw ‘occasion/place/mode/instrument of sleeping’ |
Verbal Features
- The lexical root in the gerund (VerbForm=Ger) is marked as VERB even when combining with a relational.
- Verbs are marked for aspect:
Compl(completive),Prog(Progressive),Perf(Perfective). - Verbs are also marked for mood:
Imp(imperative). - Lexical roots may be reduplicated in two different ways:
monosylabic reduplication (
Red=Mo), disylabic reduplication (Red=Di). The modify the aspect of the verb in different ways: disylabic reduplication indicate the repetition or duration of an action; monosylabic reduplication indicates iteration of the action.
Syntax
Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts
As a head-marking language, core arguments, except oblique core arguments may be cross-referenced on the predicate, as in the example below:
uzapo
u-Z-apo
3-3-do
He/She/They do it/them
Treebanks
There are N Guajajara UD treebanks:
Instruction: Treebank-specific pages are generated automatically from the README file in the treebank repository and
from the data in the latest release. Link to the respective *-index.html page in the treebanks folder, using the language code
and the treebank code in the file name.