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PRON: pronoun

Definition

Within the universal scheme, pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases and whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context. Pronouns under this definition function like nouns, which means that the term cannot be extended to words that substitute for adjectives or other POS categories, as is usually the case in Slovenian grammar. Instead, attributive pronouns are tagged as determiners.

For instance, to “this” is traditionally called pronoun in Slovenian grammar, regardless of its syntactic context. To make the annotation parallel across languages, it is now tagged PRON in To sem že slišal. “I have heard this before.” and as DET in To besedilo je nerazumljivo. “This text is incomprehensible.”

Examples

• jaz “me”, ti “you”, on “he”
• oba “both”, ves “all”, vsak “anyone”, vsakdo “anyone”
• ta “this one”, tale “this one”, tisti “that one”
• nič “nothing”, nihče “nobody”, nobeden “noone”
• kar “which”, karkoli “anything”, kdor “who”
• se “oneself”
• moj “mine”, tvoj “yours”, njihov “theirs”
• kaj “what”, kdo “who”
• nekaj “something”, nekdo “somebody”, malokdo “not a lot of people”

Conversion from JOS

All pronouns are converted to PRON, except for pronouns that function as attributes to nouns (through Attr dependency relation), which are converted to DET.

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian)

There are 63 PRON lemmas (0%), 251 PRON types (1%) and 6951 PRON tokens (5%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 9 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 7 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: se, on, ta, jaz, kateri, ves, ti, kar, kaj, tisti

The 10 most frequent PRON types: se, to, ga, jih, si, jo, tem, mu, kaj, mi

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: on (PRON 1561, X 1), ta (PRON 807, DET 552), jaz (PRON 483, NOUN 2), kateri (PRON 287, DET 20), ves (DET 289, PRON 198, ADV 1), kar (PRON 153, ADV 106), kaj (PRON 152, ADV 21), tisti (PRON 79, DET 57), nekaj (DET 166, PRON 65, ADV 19), nič (PRON 63, ADV 19)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: to (PRON 273, DET 63), si (PRON 245, AUX 14, VERB 12), jo (PRON 224, X 1), tem (PRON 177, DET 96, NOUN 1, ADV 1), mu (PRON 158, X 2), kaj (PRON 110, ADV 20), kar (PRON 113, ADV 97), vse (PRON 88, DET 74, ADV 38), tega (PRON 99, DET 47), katerem (PRON 64, DET 2)

• to
  • PRON 273: Vsaj to v ničemer ne more biti sporno .
  • DET 63: Za to pomoč smo jim seveda tudi plačali .
• si
  • PRON 245: Prvo pravilo : Za nakup si je treba vzeti čas .
  • AUX 14: Kaj si si pri tem sploh mislil ?
  • VERB 12: Ko si enkrat na vrhu in se poškoduješ , se je težko vrniti .
• jo
  • PRON 224: Zdaj sem se spomnil , kam sem jo vtaknil !
  • X 1: ( jo )
• tem
  • PRON 177: S tem nikakor ni zmanjšan pomen enotne volje državljanov Slovenije .
  • DET 96: V tem trenutku je smiselno govoriti o prisilni poravnavi .
  • NOUN 1: Dijaki v njem prikažejo svoje poznavanje obravnavanih tem iz književnosti .
  • ADV 1: Čim boljše bo v Sloveniji znanje tujih jezikov , tem bolje se bo Slovenija sporazumevala s svetom .
• mu
  • PRON 158: » Potem pa le pazi name , « se mu je v odgovor nasmehnila Regina .
  • X 2: ( mu )
• kaj
  • PRON 110: Toda kaj je energija “ nacionalizma “ ?
  • ADV 20: Zavetniški objem je kaj hitro postal ljubezenski .
• kar
  • PRON 113: Kot tak ni nekaj , kar se zgodi v praznem prostoru .
  • ADV 97: V skrajnih primerih jih pesti že kar kompleks superiornosti .
• vse
  • PRON 88: Ko vse skupaj zavre , vložimo fileje in jih dušimo dobrih 10 minut .
  • DET 74: Na vse prireditve je vstop prost .
  • ADV 38: Slišim namreč vse več glasov o nepravilnostih .
• tega
  • PRON 99: Toda bil sem suh , poleg tega pa se je poročila sestrična .
  • DET 47: Napetost tega člena je 3,20 V .
• katerem
  • PRON 64: - Zamislite si položaj , v katerem si želite nastopiti mirno in sproščeno .
  • DET 2: Na katerem trgu srečuješ popolno oziroma svobodno konkurenco ?

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 3.984127 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.894262).

The 1st highest number of forms (24) was observed with the lemma “on”: ga, je, ji, jih, jim, jima, jo, ju, mu, nje, njega, njej, njem, njemu, njih, njiju, njim, njima, njimi, njo, on, ona, onadva, oni.

The 2nd highest number of forms (13) was observed with the lemma “jaz”: jaz, mano, me, mene, meni, menoj, mi, midva, naju, nam, nama, nami, nas.

The 3rd highest number of forms (11) was observed with the lemma “kateri”: katera, katere, katerega, katerem, kateremu, kateri, katerih, katerim, katerima, katerimi, katero.

PRON occurs with 10 features: sl-feat/PronType (6951; 100% instances), sl-feat/Case (4888; 70% instances), sl-feat/Number (4530; 65% instances), sl-feat/Variant (3917; 56% instances), sl-feat/Gender (3877; 56% instances), sl-feat/Reflex (2443; 35% instances), sl-feat/Person (2341; 34% instances), sl-feat/Poss (45; 1% instances), sl-feat/Number[psor] (23; 0% instances), sl-feat/Gender[psor] (11; 0% instances)

PRON occurs with 30 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Gender[psor]=Fem, Gender[psor]=Masc, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Number[psor]=Plur, Number[psor]=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Neg, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel, PronType=Tot, Reflex=Yes, Variant=Bound, Variant=Short

PRON occurs with 274 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes|Variant=Short (2062 tokens). Examples: se

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 14 different relations: sl-dep/expl (2298; 33% instances), sl-dep/dobj (1889; 27% instances), sl-dep/nmod (1436; 21% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (879; 13% instances), sl-dep/iobj (318; 5% instances), sl-dep/conj (41; 1% instances), sl-dep/root (41; 1% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (11; 0% instances), sl-dep/xcomp (10; 0% instances), sl-dep/acl (9; 0% instances), sl-dep/mwe (9; 0% instances), sl-dep/advcl (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/csubj (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (2; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (6026; 87% instances), NOUN (380; 5% instances), ADJ (376; 5% instances), PRON (78; 1% instances), ROOT (41; 1% instances), ADV (15; 0% instances), PROPN (14; 0% instances), NUM (10; 0% instances), ADP (5; 0% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

5485 (79%) PRON nodes are leaves.

1188 (17%) PRON nodes have one child.

174 (3%) PRON nodes have two children.

104 (1%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 11.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 22 different relations: sl-dep/case (1143; 57% instances), sl-dep/acl (240; 12% instances), sl-dep/nmod (123; 6% instances), sl-dep/punct (84; 4% instances), sl-dep/cop (75; 4% instances), sl-dep/advmod (68; 3% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (57; 3% instances), sl-dep/amod (55; 3% instances), sl-dep/cc (43; 2% instances), sl-dep/conj (41; 2% instances), sl-dep/mark (15; 1% instances), sl-dep/aux (13; 1% instances), sl-dep/nummod (7; 0% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (6; 0% instances), sl-dep/csubj (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/dobj (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/mwe (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (3; 0% instances), sl-dep/advcl (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/appos (1; 0% instances), sl-dep/discourse (1; 0% instances), sl-dep/expl (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: ADP (1131; 57% instances), VERB (294; 15% instances), NOUN (132; 7% instances), ADJ (94; 5% instances), PUNCT (84; 4% instances), PRON (78; 4% instances), CONJ (49; 2% instances), ADV (39; 2% instances), PART (30; 2% instances), SCONJ (30; 2% instances), AUX (13; 1% instances), NUM (8; 0% instances), PROPN (8; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)

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Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovenian-SST)

There are 46 PRON lemmas (1%), 165 PRON types (3%) and 2594 PRON tokens (9%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of PRON is: 10 in number of lemmas, 8 in number of types and 5 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent PRON lemmas: ta, se, jaz, on, kaj, ti, ves, tisti, nič, kar

The 10 most frequent PRON types: to, se, kaj, jaz, mi, ti, ga, jih, si, nič

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: ta (PRON 613, DET 208), se (PRON 460, VERB 1), on (PRON 309, X 2), kaj (PRON 196, ADV 43, X 1), ti (PRON 194, X 1, INTJ 1), ves (PRON 54, DET 42), tisti (PRON 53, DET 32), nič (PRON 42, ADV 22), kar (ADV 70, PRON 37), nekaj (PRON 29, ADV 23, DET 11)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: to (PRON 489, DET 26, X 1), se (PRON 398, X 6), kaj (PRON 185, ADV 43, X 1), mi (PRON 116, X 1), ti (PRON 105, DET 10, X 1, INTJ 1), ga (PRON 60, X 1), si (PRON 48, AUX 39, VERB 32, X 1), nič (PRON 41, ADV 22), vse (PRON 41, DET 17, ADV 7), jo (PRON 37, INTJ 1)

• to
  • PRON 489: pol pa v oklepaju piše le za ta to pa to vizo lahko trideset dni ostaneš
  • DET 26: pol pa v oklepaju piše le za ta to pa to vizo lahko trideset dni ostaneš
  • X 1: mi smo kar eee kolega ni povedal v letošnjem letu intenzivirali obnavljanje in eee eee gradnjo na progi in pri tem opravili s [gap] to [gap] opisano povečanje tovornega prometa navkljub
• se
  • PRON 398: če če ne boste mogli na havaje priti ne se sekirat
  • X 6: eee zraven so [gap] se večje trgovine pa eee lpp prevoz je
• kaj
  • PRON 185: [gap] kaj a tule boš diplomirala pol boš šla pa ven magisterij delat ?
  • ADV 43: pa si bil že kaj doma nisi bil še nič tako
  • X 1: kaj zar [gap] in to niso tiste ki kažejo tudi razpoloženje ne
• mi
  • PRON 116: [gap] na morju mi je frizuro zrihtal
  • X 1: ampak nisem s [gap] pa še zmeraj jaz nekaj za jezike bil spe [gap] spet eee sem jaz cvek pisal če sem če smo eee dela [gap] delal sem pol mat [gap] mi [gap] takrat je bila eee matura ne diploma na poklicni šoli ker sem jaz prvo končal
• ti
  • PRON 105: km [gap] ker ti na vizi piše od kdaj do kdaj ti velja
  • DET 10: to je igra ki jo igrajo eee ti eee člani družine
  • X 1: in se smejem kot matasta tipo ki že costi ti ga bi bujeri ser [all:laughter]
  • INTJ 1: pa če noče zaspati ko je še mala pa ji špilaš pred posteljico veš [audience:laughter] tako delaš ti di di pa še igraš
• ga
  • PRON 60: samo jebi ga ampak sliši se pa ne a veš
  • X 1: in se smejem kot matasta tipo ki že costi ti ga bi bujeri ser [all:laughter]
• si
  • PRON 48: kdaj si s [gap]
  • AUX 39: pa si bil že kaj doma nisi bil še nič tako
  • VERB 32: ako ako imaš imaš ako nimaš pa si revež
  • X 1: najmanj kar bi si [gap] glejte najmanj kar bi se … poglejte dovoli [gap] … ja
• nič
  • PRON 41: nič posebnega
  • ADV 22: pa si bil že kaj doma nisi bil še nič tako
• vse
  • PRON 41: res no vse vse jaz ne vem česa vse ni imel … ja ja ja
  • DET 17: ne ja kaj pa je te ja kaj pa more more saj to eee vse hudo mine ne eee ja
  • ADV 7: [gap] tole so vse karavanke in tukaj je en sicer ne to je že pohorje zdaj pa [gap]
• jo
  • PRON 37: [speaker:laughter] še kar stoka glej jo
  • INTJ 1: jo pa ej sploh ne vem a so se pogledal oni mislim na teh slikah k

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of PRON is 3.586957 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.575031).

The 1st highest number of forms (22) was observed with the lemma “on”: ga, je, ji, jih, jim, jo, mu, nje, njega, njej, njem, njemu, njih, njim, njima, njimi, njo, on, ona, onadva, one, oni.

The 2nd highest number of forms (12) was observed with the lemma “jaz”: jaz, mano, me, mene, meni, mi, midva, midve, nam, nama, nami, nas.

The 3rd highest number of forms (12) was observed with the lemma “ti”: tabo, te, tebe, tebi, ti, vaju, vam, vami, vas, vi, vidva, vidve.

PRON occurs with 8 features: sl-feat/PronType (2594; 100% instances), sl-feat/Case (2196; 85% instances), sl-feat/Number (2133; 82% instances), sl-feat/Gender (1635; 63% instances), sl-feat/Person (915; 35% instances), sl-feat/Variant (806; 31% instances), sl-feat/Number[psor] (20; 1% instances), sl-feat/Poss (20; 1% instances)

PRON occurs with 28 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc, Case=Dat, Case=Gen, Case=Ins, Case=Loc, Case=Nom, Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Number=Dual, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Number[psor]=Dual, Number[psor]=Plur, Number[psor]=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Poss=Yes, PronType=Dem, PronType=Ind, PronType=Int, PronType=Neg, PronType=Prs, PronType=Rel, PronType=Tot, Variant=Bound, Variant=Short

PRON occurs with 178 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is PronType=Prs|Variant=Short (398 tokens). Examples: se

Relations

PRON nodes are attached to their parents using 23 different relations: sl-dep/nsubj (779; 30% instances), sl-dep/dobj (649; 25% instances), sl-dep/expl (463; 18% instances), sl-dep/nmod (231; 9% instances), sl-dep/root (134; 5% instances), sl-dep/iobj (82; 3% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (62; 2% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (35; 1% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (32; 1% instances), sl-dep/conj (29; 1% instances), sl-dep/cc (16; 1% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (13; 1% instances), sl-dep/discourse (13; 1% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (12; 0% instances), sl-dep/acl (9; 0% instances), sl-dep/compound (8; 0% instances), sl-dep/mwe (8; 0% instances), sl-dep/advmod (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/advcl (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/appos (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/vocative (3; 0% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/amod (1; 0% instances)

Parents of PRON nodes belong to 14 different parts of speech: VERB (1924; 74% instances), NOUN (186; 7% instances), ROOT (134; 5% instances), ADJ (124; 5% instances), PRON (113; 4% instances), PROPN (23; 1% instances), X (23; 1% instances), AUX (15; 1% instances), NUM (15; 1% instances), ADV (14; 1% instances), PART (13; 1% instances), DET (5; 0% instances), ADP (4; 0% instances), CONJ (1; 0% instances)

2018 (78%) PRON nodes are leaves.

320 (12%) PRON nodes have one child.

116 (4%) PRON nodes have two children.

140 (5%) PRON nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a PRON node is 9.

Children of PRON nodes are attached using 32 different relations: sl-dep/case (229; 20% instances), sl-dep/advmod (153; 13% instances), sl-dep/acl (92; 8% instances), sl-dep/cop (80; 7% instances), sl-dep/punct (76; 6% instances), sl-dep/nsubj (72; 6% instances), sl-dep/discourse (70; 6% instances), sl-dep/reparandum (64; 5% instances), sl-dep/nmod (56; 5% instances), sl-dep/parataxis (40; 3% instances), sl-dep/cc (37; 3% instances), sl-dep/discourse:filler (34; 3% instances), sl-dep/mwe (22; 2% instances), sl-dep/conj (19; 2% instances), sl-dep/advcl (15; 1% instances), sl-dep/mark (15; 1% instances), sl-dep/amod (14; 1% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:discourse (12; 1% instances), sl-dep/appos (10; 1% instances), sl-dep/det (10; 1% instances), sl-dep/dobj (10; 1% instances), sl-dep/vocative (9; 1% instances), sl-dep/dislocated (8; 1% instances), sl-dep/compound (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/parataxis:restart (5; 0% instances), sl-dep/expl (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/nummod (4; 0% instances), sl-dep/aux (3; 0% instances), sl-dep/conj:extend (2; 0% instances), sl-dep/cc:preconj (1; 0% instances), sl-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), sl-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances)

Children of PRON nodes belong to 16 different parts of speech: VERB (228; 19% instances), ADP (214; 18% instances), PRON (113; 10% instances), ADV (112; 10% instances), PART (91; 8% instances), NOUN (85; 7% instances), CONJ (68; 6% instances), X (61; 5% instances), PUNCT (45; 4% instances), ADJ (43; 4% instances), INTJ (41; 3% instances), SCONJ (27; 2% instances), PROPN (20; 2% instances), NUM (12; 1% instances), DET (10; 1% instances), AUX (3; 0% instances)

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PRON in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]

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