Clusivity[obj]: clusivity agreement with object
| Values: | Ex | In |
Clusivity is a feature of first-person plural personal pronouns. As such, it can also be reflected by inflection of verbs, e.g. in Mbyá Guaraní.
Some languages are head-marking, which means that the verbal morphology can cross-reference
multiple core arguments, not just the subject. If the cross-reference involves the Clusivity of the argument,
we have two layers of Clusivity on the verb: Clusivity[subj], and (for transitive verbs) Clusivity[obj].
While it would be possible to make the subject layer the default and use just Clusivity for it,
the explicit labeling of both layers is probably more helpful in such languages, as it can reduce confusion.
In: inclusive object
Includes the listener, i.e. we = I + you (+ optionally they).
Examples
- [gun] Ñande, ñanderayvu ra’e, añete’i po ra’e, chejaryi. “She truly loves us (me+you), my grandmother.” (lit. 1.PL.INCL, B1.PL.INCL-R-love MIR, truth=DIM EPIS MIR, B1.SG-grandmother)
Ex: exclusive object
Excludes the listener, i.e. we = I + they.
Examples
- [gun] Ore upecha orejaryi orereroayvu. “Our grandmothers advised us (me+them) like this.” (lit. 1.PL.EXCL like.this B1.PL.EXCL-grandmother B1.PL.EXCL-R-COM-speak)