Universal Dependency Relations
The following table lists the 37 universal syntactic relations used in UD v2. It is a revised version of the relations originally described in Universal Stanford Dependencies: A cross-linguistic typology (de Marneffe et al. 2014).
The upper part of the table follows the main organizing principles of the UD taxonomy such that rows correspond to functional categories in relation to the head (core arguments of clausal predicates, non-core dependents of clausal predicates, and dependents of nominals) while columns correspond to structural categories of the dependent (nominals, clauses, modifier words, function words). The lower part of the table lists relations that are not dependency relations in the narrow sense.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
* The advmod relation is used for modifiers not only of predicates but also of other modifier words.
Alphabetical listing
- acl: clausal modifier of noun (adnominal clause)
- acl:relcl: relative clause modifier
- advcl: adverbial clause modifier
- advmod: adverbial modifier
- advmod:emph: emphasizing word, intensifier
- advmod:lmod: locative adverbial modifier
- amod: adjectival modifier
- appos: appositional modifier
- aux: auxiliary
- aux:pass: passive auxiliary
- case: case marking
- cc: coordinating conjunction
- cc:preconj: preconjunct
- ccomp: clausal complement
- clf: classifier
- compound: compound
- compound:lvc: light verb construction
- compound:prt: phrasal verb particle
- compound:redup: reduplicated compounds
- compound:svc: serial verb compounds
- conj: conjunct
- cop: copula
- csubj: clausal subject
- csubj:pass: clausal passive subject
- dep: unspecified dependency
- det: determiner
- det:numgov: pronominal quantifier governing the case of the noun
- det:nummod: pronominal quantifier agreeing in case with the noun
- det:poss: possessive determiner
- discourse: discourse element
- dislocated: dislocated elements
- expl: expletive
- expl:impers: impersonal expletive
- expl:pass: reflexive pronoun used in reflexive passive
- expl:pv: reflexive clitic with an inherently reflexive verb
- fixed: fixed multiword expression
- flat: flat multiword expression
- flat:foreign: foreign words
- flat:name: names
- goeswith: goes with
- iobj: indirect object
- list: list
- mark: marker
- nmod: nominal modifier
- nmod:poss: possessive nominal modifier
- nmod:tmod: temporal modifier
- nsubj: nominal subject
- nsubj:pass: passive nominal subject
- nummod: numeric modifier
- nummod:gov: numeric modifier governing the case of the noun
- obj: object
- obl: oblique nominal
- obl:agent: agent modifier
- obl:arg: oblique argument
- obl:lmod: locative modifier
- obl:tmod: temporal modifier
- orphan: orphan
- parataxis: parataxis
- punct: punctuation
- reparandum: overridden disfluency
- root: root
- vocative: vocative
- xcomp: open clausal complement