AUX: auxiliary verb
AUX
Definition
An auxiliary is a function word that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, voice or evidentiality. It is often a verb (which may have non-auxiliary uses as well) but many languages have nonverbal TΙME markers and these should also be tagged AUX. The class AUX also include copulas (in the narrow sense of pure linking words for nonverbal predication).
In Pomak the verbs broadly translated as “to be” are assigned the tag AUX:
Examples
- som / si / je / sme / ste / so “to be”
- ja som at Púlevo i zavót mo Ridván “I am/come from Púlevo and my name is Ritvan”
- sélono je visóce faf barčínono “my village is (located) high up in the mountain”
- dečjána ji so míčky “her children are small / young”
- atišlála je nah májko ji da jé abíde “she went/ has gone to her mother to visit her”
- svaríla je játo za vritsǽh “she cooked / has cooked food for all (of us / the people /her family)”
- légnali so da pačínnot málko “they laid down / have laid down to rest a little”
- býdom (by) “to be”
- nó kutrí čúka na vratána, bába še by “someone knocks on the door, it must be [your] grand-mother”
- gládni šte by - da vú svárem li nǽko da kósnete? “you must be hungry - shall I make you something to eat?”
- pó húbbe še by da ídete i dvomínata “it would be better for both of you to go” - [lit. “better it would be to go and the two”]
- za bú senǽ svóršahme, dagodíno ‘sæ pak, akú býde kysmét “for this year we have finished, again next year, if it is ment to be” [lit.”for this year we finished, next year again, if it is written”] -
- néma go u tæh, atišlól še by pa komšújese “he is not at home, he must have gone to [someone of] the neighbors”
- the interrogative word li / dalí “question particle” (necessary to form direct questions)
- ažónen li si? “are you married?” [lit. “married you?”]
- dalí dójdom i ja sas vámi? “should I come with you?” [lit. “come and I with you?”
The auxiliary verb want (probabilistic will - would) šom / štom, ti / šteš, še / šte, šem / šme, šte, šot / štot is assigned the tag
AUX.
Examples
- déti so i praví / starí šot / štot síčko “they are children and they could do everything /anything”
- kupí tó še / šte i predá tó še / šte i tébe “he /she could buy and sell you, too”
- attí šem / šme i da lýǧeno, akú nájdeme tomofíle “we would go / we would be able to go even to the thermal baths, if we could find a car”
- račí li ti / šteš da paminéš prez ‘túzi, agá so púsneš ad rábato? “would you want / accept to pass by here, when you finish from your work?”
- da mú šom / štom i parý, akú znom óti še sí mí gi vórne “I would give him money as well, if I knew that he would return them”
- attí šte i varná só šte, ímate vréme “you shall go and come back, you have (enough) time”
Modal verbs count as main verbs and are assigned the tag VERB.
Examples
- trǽbava da sí vórvem “I must leave - I must be going”
- móža da dójde i toj “he can also come - he may come, too”
Also, the following particles are assigned the tag AUX:
- da “to”
- parǘkah go da mí pamógne “I called him to help me”
- pamólih go da mo zǿme na rábato “I asked him to employ me” [lit.”I asked him to take me to work”]
- še / ša “will”
- útre še ímom müsefíre faf kóštono “tomorrow I shall have visitors at home”
- še to pómalem da na kázavaš ní kutrómu “I will ask you not to tell anyone”
Passive voice and past tense forming auxiliaries: be / beh / béšo, béhme, béhte, bého “I was”
Examples
- pótet be / béšo zatvóreno at snǽga “the road was cloesed because of the snow” [lit. “the road was closed from / out of snow”]
- insánot bého izplášani ad zenzelǿto “people were terrified by the earth-quake”
- régmata be / béšo sprǽta tri déne “the electricity was cut off [for] three days”
- na pot béhme kugáta pánna gulǽmyjet dožd - “we were on our way, when that heavy rain started” [lit.”at the road / street we were , when started the big rain”]
- slónceto béšo zaníknalo i tíje si rǽbatæho jéšte “the sun had set and [yet] they were still working”
AUX in other languages: [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [da] [el] [en] [es] [et] [fi] [fro] [fr] [ga] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [it] [ja] [ka] [kk] [kpv] [ky] [myv] [no] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [uk] [u] [urj] [yue] [zh]