UD for Bonan 
Bonan (also spelled Bao’an) is a Mongolic language spoken by the Bonan people primarily in Gansu and Qinghai provinces of China. It belongs to the Gansu-Qinghai Sprachbund of the Mongolic family, together with Tu (Monguor), Dongxiang, Eastern Yugur, and Kangjia. Bonan has been in prolonged contact with Chinese, Tibetan, and other neighboring languages, and shows extensive typological convergence with them, particularly in phonology and morphosyntax. The language is severely endangered, with a small and shrinking speaker community.
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are delimited by whitespace.
- Punctuation is separated from adjacent words as separate tokens.
- There are no multiword tokens and no words with spaces in the current treebank.
- Clitics that are written attached to their host in the source grammar (e.g., certain case and possessive suffixes) are treated as part of the host word, following the analytical practice of the reference grammar. Following the general practice of Mongolic descriptive grammar, no morpheme boundaries are introduced inside inflected word forms during tokenization.
Morphology
Tags
- All 17 universal POS tags are potentially available. Tags actually attested in the treebank include ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB, and X.
NOUNis used for common nouns;PROPNis reserved for proper names (personal names, place names).PARTis used for discourse particles, focus particles, and the negation particle.AUXis used for a small closed set of auxiliary and copular verbs (registered as language-specific auxiliaries).- The
DET/PRONdistinction follows the general UD principle: forms that modify a nominal head are taggedDET, forms that head their own phrase are taggedPRON. - Postpositions are tagged
ADPand carry the language-specific featureAdpType=Post.
Features
- Nominal features:
Case(Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Abl, Ins, Loc, Com, Ter),Number(Sing, Dual, Pauc, Plur),Person(1, 2, 3),Poss,PronType(Dem, Ind, Int, Prs, Tot),Definite(Ind),Gender(Fem),Clusivity(Ex, In), and possessor agreement featuresNumber[psor],Person[psor]. - Verbal features:
VerbForm(Fin, Inf, Part, Conv, Ger, Vnoun),Mood(Ind, Imp, Cnd, Int, Irr, Jus, Nec, Opt, Sub),Tense(Past, Pres, Fut),Aspect(Hab, Imp, Perf, Prog),Voice(Act, Cau, Mid, Pass, Rcp),Polarity. - Adjectival features:
Degree(Pos, Cmp, Sup, Dim). - Language-specific:
AdpType=Poston postpositions. - Bonan-specific morphological information that does not correspond to any value in the universal feature inventory is encoded in the MISC column rather than FEATS, in accordance with UD conventions.
Syntax
- Bonan is a head-final language with SOV constituent order. The subject (
nsubj) precedes the object (obj); both precede the verb. - Core arguments are identified morphosyntactically:
nsubjis typically in the nominative (unmarked),objis typically accusative or unmarked, andiobjis typically dative. - Oblique arguments and adjuncts are tagged
obl, with case marking realized as suffixes on the nominal head or as separate postpositions attached with thecaserelation. - Attributive modifiers precede their nominal head. Genitive and other adnominal modifiers use
nmod; adjectives useamod. - Copular constructions use a small set of auxiliary/copular verbs, attached to the nonverbal predicate via
cop. - No language-specific dependency subtypes are introduced in the current release.
Treebanks
There is 1 Bonan UD treebank: