UD for Mongolian 
Mongolian is the best-known and most widely spoken member of the Mongolic language family. The data in this treebank represent Khalkha Mongolian, the standard variety spoken primarily in Mongolia, where it serves as the national language and is written in a Cyrillic-based script (with the traditional Mongolian script also in official use). Khalkha is closely related to other Mongolic varieties spoken across Mongolia, the Chinese autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the Russian Federation.
Tokenization and Word Segmentation
- Words are delimited by whitespace.
- Punctuation is separated from adjacent words as separate tokens.
- There are no multiword tokens and no words with spaces in the current treebank.
- Bound morphemes (case, possessive, tense/aspect suffixes) are written together with their host in the Latin transliteration used in the reference grammar. Following the analytical practice of Mongolic descriptive grammar, no morpheme boundaries are introduced inside inflected word forms during tokenization.
Morphology
Tags
- Tags actually attested in the treebank include ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, VERB, and X.
NOUNis used for common nouns;PROPNis reserved for proper names (personal names, place names).PARTis used for discourse particles, the interrogative particle, and the negation particle.AUXis used for the auxiliariesbaj(progressive/existential) andbol(change of state), both registered as language-specific auxiliaries.- Postpositions are tagged
ADP. - The
DET/PRONdistinction follows the general UD principle: forms that modify a nominal head are taggedDET, forms that head their own phrase are taggedPRON.
Features
- Nominal features attested in the treebank:
Case(Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Abl, Ins, Com, Ter),Number(Sing, Plur),Person(1, 2, 3),Poss,PronType(Dem, Int, Prs, Tot),Reflex,NumType(Card, Ord). - Verbal features attested in the treebank:
VerbForm(Fin, Inf, Part, Conv),Mood(Ind, Int, Cnd),Tense(Past, Pres, Fut),Aspect(Hab, Imp, Perf, Prog),Voice(Cau, Pass),Polarity,Evident(Fh, Nfh). - Adjectival features attested in the treebank:
Degree(Pos, Sup). - Language-specific:
PartType=Intis used on the interrogative particle. - Mongolian-specific morphological distinctions that do not correspond to any value in the universal feature inventory (successive aspect, quotative particle type, and modal marking on certain finite verb forms) are encoded in the MISC column rather than FEATS, in accordance with UD conventions.
Syntax
- Khalkha Mongolian is a head-final language with SOV constituent order. The subject (
nsubj) precedes the object (obj); both precede the verb. - Core arguments are identified morphosyntactically:
nsubjis typically in the nominative (unmarked),objis typically accusative, andiobjis typically dative. - Oblique arguments and adjuncts are tagged
obl; case marking is realized as suffixes on the nominal head or, less commonly, as separate postpositions attached with thecaserelation. - Attributive modifiers precede their nominal head. Genitive and other adnominal modifiers use
nmod; adjectives useamod. - Copular constructions use
bajorbolascop, attached to the nonverbal predicate. - The following language-specific dependency subtypes are used:
acl:relcl— relative clause modifiernmod:poss— possessive nominal modifiernsubj:pass— passive nominal subjectobl:agent— agent of a passive constructionnsubj:outer— subject of an outer clause whose predicate is itself a clause
Treebanks
There is 1 Mongolian UD treebank: