iobj: indirect object
The indirect object of a verb is any nominal phrase that is a core argument of the verb but is not its subject or direct object. The prototypical example is the recipient of ditransitive verbs of exchange:
Павел дал Петру две груши . \n Pavel gave Peter two pears .
iobj(дал, Петру)
iobj(gave, Peter)
However, Russian allows other semantic roles as additional objects. The morphological ru-feat/Case of the objects is dictated by verb valency.
In the following Russian example, the verb takes two arguments. One of them is direct object (patient), the other is indirect (addressee). It is parallel to how the English translation would be annotated (where there is no morphological case marking) and also to verbs of giving (cf. a similar sentence, he gave my daughter a class of maths).
Он преподает моей дочери математику . \n He teaches my daughter.Dat maths.Acc .
dobj(преподает, математику)
iobj(преподает, дочери)
dobj(teaches, maths.Acc)
iobj(teaches, daughter.Dat)
In general, if there is just one object, it should be labeled dobj, regardless of the morphological case or semantic role. For example, преподавать “to teach” can take either the subject matter or the recipient as the only object, and in both cases it would be analyzed as the dobj:
Он преподает математику . \n He teaches maths .
dobj(преподает, математику)
dobj(teaches, maths)
Он преподает студентам . \n He teaches students .
dobj(преподает, студентам)
dobj(teaches, students)
The one exception is when there is a clausal complement. Then the clausal complement is regarded as a “clausal direct object” and an object nominal will be an iobj, parallel to the simple ditransitive case:
Она сказала студентам , что сегодня вечером нужно учиться . \n She told students , that today evening they-needed to-study .
iobj(сказала, студентам)
ccomp(сказала, нужно)
iobj(told, students)
ccomp(told, they-needed)
Она рассказала студентам свой план . \n She told students her plan .
iobj(рассказала, студентам)
dobj(рассказала, план)
iobj(told, students)
dobj(told, plan)
If there are two or more objects, one of them should be dobj and the others should be iobj. In such cases it is necessary to decide what is the most directly affected object (patient), and the Accusative ru-feat/Case has priority over the Dative, Instrumental, and Genitive cases.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian)
This relation is universal.
1069 nodes (1%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
891 instances of iobj (83%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 2.04396632366698.
The following 24 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NOUN (637; 60% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PRON (160; 15% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PROPN (98; 9% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/NOUN (81; 8% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (36; 3% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PROPN (11; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PRON (10; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/DET (9; 1% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PRON (4; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NUM (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/DET (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADP-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PROPN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/SCONJ (1; 0% instances).
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1 Новое НОВЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Variant=Full 2 amod _ _
2 название НАЗВАНИЕ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubjpass _ _
3 поселению ПОСЕЛЕНИЕ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 iobj _ _
4 было БЫТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 5 auxpass _ _
5 дано ДАТЬ VERB VBNH Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
6 по ПО ADP IN _ 7 case _ _
7 речке РЕЧКА NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Dat|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
8 Пивка ПИВКА PROPN NNP Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 7 appos _ _
9 . . PUNCT . _ 5 punct _ _
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1 Они ОНИ PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3 2 nsubj _ _
2 сказали СКАЗАТЬ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 мне Я PRON PRP Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=1 2 iobj _ _
4 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _
5 что ЧТО SCONJ IN _ 8 mark _ _
6 им ОНИ PRON PRP Case=Dat|Number=Plur|Person=3 8 iobj _ _
7 очень ОЧЕНЬ ADV RB _ 8 advmod _ _
8 понравилось ПОНРАВИТЬСЯ VERB VBC Aspect=Perf|Gender=Neut|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 2 ccomp _ _
9 мое МОЙ DET PRP$ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=1 10 det _ _
10 выступление ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЕ NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _
11 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
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1 Наиболее НАИБОЛЕЕ ADV RBS Degree=Sup 2 advmod _ _
2 известный ИЗВЕСТНЫЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Full 4 amod _ _
3 русский РУССКИЙ ADJ JJL Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Variant=Full 4 amod _ _
4 перевод ПЕРЕВОД NOUN NN Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubjpass _ _
5 был БЫТЬ AUX VBC Aspect=Imp|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 6 auxpass _ _
6 сделан СДЕЛАТЬ VERB VBNH Animacy=Inan|Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|Variant=Brev|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
7 Даниилом ДАНИИЛ PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 iobj _ _
8 Хармсом ХАРМС PROPN NNP Animacy=Anim|Case=Ins|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 7 name _ _
9 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Russian-SynTagRus)
This relation is universal.
1542 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as iobj.
966 instances of iobj (63%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 3.12645914396887.
The following 25 pairs of parts of speech are connected with iobj: ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/NOUN (908; 59% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PRON (239; 15% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/PROPN (65; 4% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PRON (60; 4% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/NOUN (57; 4% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/NOUN (48; 3% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/NOUN (39; 3% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PRON (37; 2% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PRON (26; 2% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/SYM (16; 1% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/ADJ (8; 1% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/PROPN (7; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADJ-ru-pos/ADJ (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/ADJ (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/PROPN (5; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/PROPN (3; 0% instances), ru-pos/ADV-ru-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PART-ru-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/VERB-ru-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), ru-pos/NOUN-ru-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/NUM-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PRON-ru-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), ru-pos/PROPN-ru-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
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1 Например например ADV _ Degree=Pos 6 parataxis _ _
2 , , PUNCT , _ 1 punct _ _
3 для для ADP _ _ 4 case _ _
4 описания описание NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 6 iobj _ _
5 алгоритма алгоритм NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ _
6 применяются применять VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
7 блок-схемы блок-схема NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 6 nsubjpass _ _
8 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _
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1 - - PUNCT - _ 2 punct _ _
2 Что что PRON _ _ 5 dobj _ _
3 для для ADP _ _ 4 case _ _
4 вас вы PRON _ _ 5 iobj _ _
5 значит значить VERB _ Aspect=Imp|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
6 название название NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
7 картины картина NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
8 - - PUNCT - _ 10 punct _ _
9 " " PUNCT " _ 10 punct _ _
10 Социальная социальный ADJ _ Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 11 amod _ _
11 сеть сеть NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 6 parataxis _ _
12 " " PUNCT " _ 11 punct _ _
13 ? ? PUNCT ? _ 5 punct _ _
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# visual-style 6 5 iobj color:blue
1 В в ADP _ _ 3 case _ _
2 следующем следующий ADJ _ Case=Loc|Degree=Pos|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
3 году год NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Loc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
4 у у ADP _ _ 5 case _ _
5 Галилея галилей PROPN _ Animacy=Anim|Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 iobj _ _
6 появился появляться VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Gender=Masc|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
7 внук внук NOUN _ Animacy=Anim|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
8 , , PUNCT , _ 7 punct _ _
9 названный называть VERB _ Aspect=Perf|Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 7 amod _ _
10 в в ADP _ _ 12 case _ _
11 его ЕГО DET _ _ 12 det _ _
12 честь честь NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _
13 . . PUNCT . _ 6 punct _ _
iobj in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]