Features
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Animacy: animacy
Animacy is not used.
Aspect: aspect
Aspect is not used.
Case: case
Case is not used.
Definite: definiteness or state
The feature Definite is marked to identify definite and indefinite articles.
Ind: indefinite
Examples
- un cane “a dog”
- una bella giornata “a good day”
Def: definite
Examples
- il cane “the dog”
- gli altri “others”
Red: reduced
Not used.
Com: complex
Not used.
Degree: degree of comparison
Degree of comparison is used as an inflectional feature of some adjectives and adverbs.
Pos: positive, first degree
Not used.
Cmp: comparative, second degree
The quality of one object is compared to the same quality of another object.
Examples
- Luigi è migliore di me “Luigi is better than me”
- Il prezzo è inferiore “The price is lower”
Sup: superlative, third degree
The quality of one object is compared to the same quality of all other objects within a set.
Italian does not seem to have single words for ‘relative’ superlatives, such as [en] “youngest”. One would say instead:
- Luigi è il più giovane “Luigi is the most young”
Abs: absolute superlative
The quality of the given object is so strong that there is hardly any other object exceeding it. The quality is not actually compared to any particular set of objects.
Examples
- bellissimo, massimo, malissimo, ottimo “very beatiful”, “maximum”, “very badly”, “optimum”
Gender: gender
Masc: masculine gender
Nouns denoting male persons are masculine. Other nouns may be also grammatically masculine, without any relation to sex.
Examples
- castello “castle”
Fem: feminine gender
Nouns denoting female persons are feminine. Other nouns may be also grammatically feminine, without any relation to sex.
Examples
- nave “ship”
Neut: neuter gender
Not used.
Com: common gender
Not used.
Mood: mood
Mood is a feature that expresses modality and subclassifies finite verb forms.
Ind: indicative
The indicative can be considered the default mood. A verb in indicative merely states that something happens, has happened or will happen, without adding any attitude of the speaker.
Examples
- Io scrivo una lettera “I write a letter”
Imp: imperative
The speaker uses imperative to order or ask the addressee to do the action of the verb.
Examples
- Mangia la tua insalata! “Eat your salad!”
Cnd: conditional
The conditional mood is used to express actions that would have taken place under some circumstances but they actually did not / do not happen.
Examples
- Mi sarei divertito “I would have enjoyed myself”
Pot: potential
Not used.
Sub: subjunctive / conjunctive
The subjunctive mood is used under certain circumstances in subordinate clauses, typically for actions that are subjective or otherwise uncertain.
Examples
- _Voglio che tu te ne vada “I want you to leave”
Jus: jussive
Not used.
Qot: quotative
Not used.
Opt: optative
Not used.
Des: desiderative
Not used.
Nec: necessitative
Not used.
Negative: whether the word can be or is negated
Not used.
NumType: numeral type
The NumType feature applies to:
Card: cardinal number or corresponding word
Examples
- uno “one”, due “two”, tre “three”
Ord: ordinal number or corresponding word
This is a subtype of adjectives or pronouns.
Examples
- primo “first”, secondo “second”, terzo “third”;
- III, IV, XIX
- 30a, 30esima, 1°
Mult: multiplicative numeral or corresponding word
Not used.
Frac: fraction
Not used.
Sets: number of sets of things
Not used.
Dist: distributive numeral
Not used.
Range: range of values
Used for expressions such as: * 2/3 Sett. * 3/4 volte
Gen: generic numeral, i.e. a numeral that is neither of the above
Used for time expressions such as: * 23’ * 1’13’’ * 1.00’16’’
Number: number
Number is an inflectional feature of nouns,
pronouns,adjectives, determiners and
verbs).
Sing: singular number
A singular noun denotes one person, animal or thing.
Examples
- [en] casa “house”, io compro “I buy”
Plur: plural number
A plural noun denotes several persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [en] case “houses”, noi compriamo “we buy”
Dual: dual number
Not used.
Examples
Ptan: plurale tantum
Not used.
Coll: collective / mass / singulare tantum
Not used.
Number: number
Number is an inflectional feature of nouns,
pronouns,adjectives, determiners and
verbs).
Sing: singular number
A singular noun denotes one person, animal or thing.
Examples
- [en] casa “house”, io compro “I buy”
Plur: plural number
A plural noun denotes several persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [en] case “houses”, noi compriamo “we buy”
Dual: dual number
Not used.
Examples
Ptan: plurale tantum
Not used.
Coll: collective / mass / singulare tantum
Not used.
Poss: possessive
Boolean feature of pronouns or adjectives.It tells whether the word is possessive.
Yes: it is possessive
Examples
- Possessive pronouns: La sua è migliore “Hers is better”, I suoi sono felici “Her/his [parents] are happy”
- Possessive adjectives: La sua scuola è migliore “Her/his school is better”, I loro amici “Their friends”.
PronType: pronominal type
This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, pronominal numerals (quantifiers) and pronominal adverbs.
Prs: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner
See also the Poss feature that distinguishes normal personal
pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs also includes reflexive
personal/possessive pronouns (see the Reflex feature).
Examples
- Personal pronouns: Uno di loro “One among them”, Per lui è utile “For him it’s useful”
- Possessive pronouns (
Poss=Yes): La sua è migliore “Hers is better”, I suoi sono felici “Her/his [parents] are happy” - Possessive determiners/adjectives (
Poss=Yes): La sua scuola è migliore “Her/his school is better”, I loro amici “Their friends”.
Note: the category clitic pronouns includes cases such as: Si è trasformato “Has transformed itself” (reflexive), Ti ho dato “I have given you” (indirect object), Ora si cerca il colpevole “Now one/somebody searches for the culprit” (impersonal form), Lo vediamo spesso “We often see him/it”. These are not marked by the appropriate PronType.
Rcp: reciprocal pronoun
We do not seem to have cases of reciprocal pronouns in Italian.
Art: article
Article is a special case of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness.
Examples
- Definite articles (
Definite=Def): La luna “The moon”, I regali di Natale “Christmas presents” - Indefinite articles (
Definite=Ind): Un amico “A friend”, Una sorpresa “A surprise”
Int: interrogative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Note that possessive interrogative determiners (whose) can be distinguished by the Poss feature.
Examples:
- Interrogative pronouns: Chi è il presidente? “Who is the president?”
- Interrogative determiners: Che cosa faremo adesso? “What shall we do now?”, Quale libro hai letto? “Which book did you read?”
Note: for the time being we do not use the feature ProntType=Int interrogative pronouns such as dove “where” and quando “when” in sentences like Dov’ è Siena? “Where is Siena?”.
Rel: relative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Examples:
- Relative pronouns: La strada che porta al mare “The road which leads to the sea”, Il libro che ho letto “The book that I read”.
- Relative determiners: Un autore sul cui futuro puoi scommettere “An author on whose future you can bet”.
Dem: demonstrative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
These are often parallel to interrogatives. Some tagsets might also distinguish a separate feature of distance (here / there; [es] aquí / ahí / allí).
Examples
- Demonstrative pronouns: Per questo sono ambiziosi “For this [reason] they are ambitious”.
- Demonstrative determiners: Parte di questo denaro “Part of this money”.
Note: Demonstrative adverbs such as qui “here” and là “there”, ora “now” e allora “then” are not marked with PronType=Dem.
Tot: total (collective) pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples
We are not using PronType=Tot.
Neg: negative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples:
We distinguish only negative adverbs such as: non, nemmeno, _neppure.
Ind: indefinite pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Examples
- Indefinite pronouns: uno “one”, tutti “everybody”, ognuno “each one”, chiunque “anybody”, qualcosa “something”, qualcuno “somebody”
- indefinite determiners: tutti “all”, qualche “some”, ogni “each”, alcuni “some”, diversi “several”
Exc: exclamative determiners. This value is language specific.
Examples
- che disastro “what a disaster”, che catastrofe “what a catastrophe”
Clit: clitic pronouns. This value is language specific.
Used for clitic pronouns, part of speech PRON/PC.
Examples
- mi viene in mente “it comes to my mind”
- capace di farl lo “capable to do it”
- si convincono “they convince themselves”
- ci sono troppi ostacoli “there are too many obstacles”
Predet: predeterminer. This value is language specific.
It is always used along with det:predet dependency relations.
Examples
- tutta la giornata “all day”
- tutti gli esseri umani “all human beings”
- entrambi i prigionieri “both prisoners”
Ord: ordinal pronouns. This value is language specific.
It is used to mark ordinal pronouns. Part of speech is PRON/NO. When ordinals are used as noun modifiers they are marked as [ADJ].
Examples
- Il primo sostiene che … “the first asserts that …
- Un quarto d’ora “a quarter of an hour”
- Valentina è quinta “Valentina is fifth”
Reflex: reflexive
Boolean feature of pronouns. It tells whether the word is reflexive, i.e. refers to the subject of its clause.
Yes: it is reflexive
Reflexive pronouns are a subset of clitic pronouns.
Examples
- reflexive personal pronouns: se, si;
Tense: tense
Tense is a feature of verbs.
Past: past tense
Examples
- Lui andò a casa “he went home”
Pres: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Examples
- Lui va a casa “he goes home”
Fut: future tense
Examples
- andrà a casa “he/she will go home”
Imp: imperfect
- andava a casa “he/she was going home”
Nar: narrative
Not used.
Pqp: pluperfect
Not used.
VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
Fin: finite verb
Examples
- _loro hanno “they have”
Inf: infinitive
Examples
- desidero andare a dormire “I wish to go to sleep”
- devo andare “I must go”
Sup: supine
Not used.
Part: participle
Examples
- potrebbe essersi preparato “he could have been prepared”;
- _è arrivato</b< tardi_ “he arrived late”
- appartenenti ad organizzazioni terroristiche “members of terroristic organizations”
Trans: transgressive
Not used.
Ger: gerund
Examples
- Sto sognando you “I am dreaming”
- Arrivando tardi si perde il treno “Arriving late you miss the train”
Voice: voice
Voice is not used.