aux: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause. In Italian the two main auxiliary verbs are form of essere (to be), avere (to have); in periphrastic tenses with the progressive form is used the verb stare instead. Modals are also marked as auxiliary (fare to do, sapere to know, volere to want, potere to can or dovere must).
- auxiliary avere
hanno sparato a sangue freddo
aux(sparato, hanno)
- auxiliary essere
il sequestro era avvenuto
aux(avvenuto, era)
- auxiliary stare
stavano realizzando un serbatoio
aux(realizzando, stavano)
- modal auxiliaries
non l' hanno potuto ascoltare
aux(ascoltare, potuto)
dovrà sparire la figura
aux(sparire, dovrà)
Note that the auxiliary verb used to construct the passive voice is not labeled aux but auxpass.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
This relation is universal.
5864 nodes (2%) are attached to their parents as aux.
5856 instances of aux (100%) are right-to-left (child precedes parent).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.37926330150068.
The following 8 pairs of parts of speech are connected with aux: it-pos/VERB-it-pos/AUX (5625; 96% instances), it-pos/NOUN-it-pos/AUX (103; 2% instances), it-pos/ADJ-it-pos/AUX (94; 2% instances), it-pos/PRON-it-pos/AUX (25; 0% instances), it-pos/PROPN-it-pos/AUX (8; 0% instances), it-pos/AUX-it-pos/AUX (5; 0% instances), it-pos/ADV-it-pos/AUX (3; 0% instances), it-pos/NUM-it-pos/AUX (1; 0% instances).
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1 È essere VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
2 vero vero ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
3 , , PUNCT FF _ 2 punct _ _
4 tutti tutto PRON PI Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 7 nsubjpass _ _
5 possiamo potere AUX VM Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 7 aux _ _
6 essere essere AUX VA VerbForm=Inf 7 auxpass _ _
7 sostituiti sostituire VERB V Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 2 parataxis _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT FS _ 2 punct _ _
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1 La il DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 2 det _ _
2 gara gara NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _
3 di di ADP E _ 4 case _ _
4 Goteborg Goteborg PROPN SP _ 2 nmod _ _
5 è essere AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _
6 stata essere VERB V Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 8 cop _ _
7 un uno DET RI Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 8 det _ _
8 passaggio passaggio NOUN S Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
9 di di ADP E _ 10 case _ _
10 consegne consegna NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Plur 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 : : PUNCT FC _ 8 punct _ _
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1 Erano essere VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin 2 cop _ _
2 slegati slegare ADJ A Gender=Masc|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
3 e e CONJ CC _ 2 cc _ _
4 la il DET RD Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 cosa cosa NOUN S Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 9 nsubj _ _
6 è essere AUX VA Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 9 aux _ _
7 stata essere VERB V Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 9 cop _ _
8 loro loro PRON PE Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 iobj _ _
9 fatale fatale ADJ A Number=Sing 2 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT FS _ 2 punct _ _
aux in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]