mwe: multi-word expression
The multi-word expression (modifier) relation is used for certain fixed expressions that behave as a unit.
Multiword expressions are annotated in a flat, head-initial structure, in which all words in the expression modify the first one using the mwe label.
Itse asiassa hän tuli jo eilen . \n As_a matter_of_fact he came already yesterday .
mwe(Itse-1, asiassa-2)
advmod(tuli-4, Itse-1)
nsubj(tuli-4, hän-3)
advmod(tuli-4, eilen-6)
advmod(eilen-6, jo-5)
punct(tuli-4, .-7)
The following expressions are considered idiomatic, and their parts
are to be combined with the dependency type mwe in UD Finnish. Note
that this is not intended to be a closed list, but rather a list of
examples that were encountered while annotating the TDT corpus. The
two-part expressions that fall into the categories of coordinating and
subordinating conjunctions are omitted here, and instead listed under
cc and mark, respectively. Due to the idiomatic nature of
these two-part expressions, the translations may on occasion not be
very natural.
Adverbs:
- aika lailla “quite some”
- aina vain “forever and ever”
- aivan kuin “just like”
- alun alkaen “from the beginning, originally”
- alun perin “originally”
- ennen aikojaan “prematurely”
- ennen kaikkea “first and foremost”
- ennen muuta “first and foremost”
- ennen pitkää “before long”
- entä jos “what if”
- heti perään “right after”
- hyvissä ajoin “on time, in good time”
- ihan vaan “only”
- ikään kuin “kind of”
- ilman muuta “of course”
- itse asiassa “as a matter of fact, in fact”
- ja niin edelleen “and so on”
- jonkin verran “some, to some extent”
- jossain määrin, siinä määrin, missä määrin “some, to some extent, to that extent”
- kaiken aikaa “all the time”
- kaiken kaikkiaan “all in all”
- kaikin puolin “in all ways”
- kerta kaikkiaan “completely, once and for all”
- loppujen lopuksi “in the end”
- muun muassa “among others”
- miten niin “how so”
- missä sattuu, mistä sattuu, minne sattuu “wherever”
- mitä jos “what if”
- niin ikään “also”
- niin kuin “like”
- niin sanotusti “so to say”
- noin vain “just like that”
- no kun “well”
- no niin “alright”
- näillä näkymin “with the current knowledge”
- näin ollen “this being so”
- pikku hiljaa “little by little”
- pilvin pimein “plenty of”
- piri pintaan “full”
- päällisin puolin “from the surface of it”
- saman tien “at once”
- saman verran “the same amount”
- sen koom(m)in “since then”
- sen suuremmin “any more than that”
- sen kun vaan “go ahead”
- sen verran “that amount”
- siellä täällä “here and there”
- siinä sivussa “on the side”
- silloin tällöin “every now and then”
- sillä aikaa “meanwhile”
- sitä mukaa “accordingly”
- sitä paitsi “besides”
- sivumennen sanoen “by the way”
- summa summarum “all in all”
- suuna päänä “headfirst”
- suurin piirtein “just about”
- ties vaikka “who knows”
- toisin sanoen “in other words”
- tuon tuosta “all the time”
- tuosta vain “just like that”
- tämän tästä “all the time”
- vähän kuin “a bit like”
- yhtä aikaa “at the same time”
- yhtä kaikki “all the same”
- yhtä paljon “the same amount, as much”
- yleisesti ottaen “generally speaking”
Adjectives:
- niin kutsuttu “so called”
- niin sanottu “so called”
Adpositions:
- lukuun ottamatta “disregarding”
Determiners:
- itse kukin “each”
- joka ainoa “each and every one”
Interjections:
- ai ai “oh oh, tut tut”
- ai niin “oh yeah”
- ei jumalauta “goddammit”
- ei vitsit “oh dear”
- hei hei “hey hey, bye bye”
- hip hip hurraa “hip hip hooray”
- hitto vie “dammit”
- jep jep “yep yep”
- kas kummaa “surprise surprise”
- mitä vittua “what the fuck”
- no joo “well yeah”
- piru vie “dammit”
- totta kai “of course”
- voi että “oh dear”
- voi po(i)jat “oh boy”
Nominals:
- missä ikinä “wherever”
Other: (the POS may vary)
- mikä tahansa “whichever, whatever”
- mikä vain “whichever, whatever”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)
This relation is universal.
494 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as mwe.
494 instances of mwe (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.01214574898785.
The following 29 pairs of parts of speech are connected with mwe: fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/ADV (289; 59% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/ADV (70; 14% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/SCONJ (23; 5% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/INTJ (20; 4% instances), fi-pos/CONJ-fi-pos/ADV (13; 3% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/ADP (12; 2% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/ADJ (10; 2% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/SCONJ (6; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/CONJ (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/INTJ (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADV (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/NOUN (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/PRON (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/ADV (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/CONJ-fi-pos/CONJ (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/NOUN (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/INTJ (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/SCONJ-fi-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/SCONJ-fi-pos/SCONJ (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/X (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 mwe color:blue
1 Shieldit Shield PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 2 nsubj _ _
2 kiinnittyvät kiinnittyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 Arduinoon Arduino PROPN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
4 näin näin ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
5 ikään ikään ADV Adv _ 4 mwe _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 2 3 mwe color:blue
1 ´ ´ PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
2 kenelle kuka PRON Pron Case=All|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 0 root _ _
3 hyvänsä hyvänsä ADV Adv _ 2 mwe _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Punct _ 8 punct _ _
5 joka joka PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel 8 nsubj _ _
6 ei ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 8 neg _ _
7 ole olla AUX V Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _
8 rohjennut rohjeta VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 2 acl:relcl _ _
9 ´ ´ PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 mwe color:blue
1 Entä entä ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
2 jos jos SCONJ C _ 1 mwe _ _
3 minä minä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
4 en ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 neg _ _
5 kuolekaan kuolla VERB V Clitic=Kaan|Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
6 ? ? PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish-FTB)
This relation is universal.
545 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as mwe.
545 instances of mwe (100%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.10275229357798.
The following 48 pairs of parts of speech are connected with mwe: fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/SCONJ (157; 29% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/NOUN (35; 6% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/PART (35; 6% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/ADV (33; 6% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/SCONJ (33; 6% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/PRON (24; 4% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/SCONJ (24; 4% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/VERB (19; 3% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/NOUN (19; 3% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/ADV (17; 3% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADV (15; 3% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/ADV (14; 3% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/VERB (12; 2% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/PART (10; 2% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/SCONJ (9; 2% instances), fi-pos/ADP-fi-pos/PRON (8; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/CONJ (7; 1% instances), fi-pos/SCONJ-fi-pos/PART (7; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/NOUN (6; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADP-fi-pos/DET (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PART (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/SCONJ-fi-pos/ADV (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/CONJ (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/DET (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/ADJ (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/NOUN (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/VERB (3; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/CONJ (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/ADJ (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/PART (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/SCONJ-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PRON (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADP-fi-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADP-fi-pos/NOUN (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/PART (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NUM-fi-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NUM-fi-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NUM-fi-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NUM-fi-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PART-fi-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/ADP (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PART (1; 0% instances).
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 3 fgColor:white
# visual-style 3 4 mwe color:blue
1 viini viini NOUN N,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Sing 6 nsubj:cop _ _
2 on olla VERB V,Act,Ind,Pres,Sg3 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 6 cop _ _
3 enemmän enemmän ADV Adv,Cmp Degree=Cmp 5 dep _ _
4 kuin kuin SCONJ Pcle,CS _ 3 mwe _ Missed-Rel=attr
5 hintansa hinta NOUN N,Sg,Gen,Px3 Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3 6 nmod _ _
6 arvoinen arvoinen ADJ A,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
7 . . PUNCT Pun _ 6 punct _ _
# visual-style 2 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 2 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1 fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 2 mwe color:blue
1 yötä yö NOUN N,Sg,Par Case=Par|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 päivää päivä NOUN N,Sg,Par Case=Par|Number=Sing 1 mwe _ _
# visual-style 5 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4 fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 5 mwe color:blue
1 Olin olla VERB V,Act,Ind,Past,Sg1 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 cop _ _
2 pelastettu pelastaa VERB V,Pass,PcpNut,Sg,Nom Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 0 root _ _
3 , , PUNCT Pun _ 2 punct _ _
4 sen sen PART Pcle _ 6 advmod _ _
5 kun kun PART Pcle _ 4 mwe _ _
6 seurasin seurata VERB V,Act,Ind,Past,Sg1 Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 conj _ _
7 rekkojen rekka NOUN N,Pl,Gen Case=Gen|Number=Plur 8 nmod _ _
8 perävaloja perävalo NOUN N,Pl,Par Case=Par|Number=Plur 6 dobj _ _
mwe in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]