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UD for Chintang

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• Words in Chintang are generally delimited by whitespace or punctuation. Exceptions are listed below.
• Several cases of multiword tokens (clitics) occur:
  • Nominalizers go and kha are written immediately after the items over which they have scope without whitespace and can take case suffixes. Example: mikhabe = mi + khabe “on the small one”.
  • Information structure particles – focus (ta, ai), topic (le, lo, yaŋ), and unique delimiter (te) – are written directly after the items over which they have scope without whitespace. Example: menuwale = menuwa + le “only the cat”.
  • Citative mo follows the quoted expression without whitespace. Example: Bedi thuŋmamo mittaŋsehẽ. “I thought of smoking a cigarette.”
  • Reportative pho follows the reported clause without whitespace. Example: Biu emadaŋsepho. “I heard the seed has remained fruitless.”
  • Neutral question nchi is written at the end of a clause without whitespace. Example: Didiŋa nunu kok pidenchi? “Did that girl give food to the baby or not?”
• No words with internal whitespace appear in the current data.

Morphology

Tags

• Chintang uses 16 universal tags; the current data does not contain any occurrences of the SYM category.
• There are three types of words tagged as PART:
  • Information structure particles: focus ta, ai; restrictive le; surprise lo; additive yaŋ; topic na, bhane; contrastive topic caĩ; and unique delimiter te.
  • Utterance particles: collaborative aŋ; contrastive question enaŋ; attentional gonei; emotional involvement hou; inquisitive hoina, maha; presumptive hola; neutral question manchi; insistive na; assertive ni; reconfirmative o; mirative raicha; informatory them.
  • Copular verboids: mahãʔ “be not”, manchiʔ “be not there”, mane “should not”, and phopheiʔ “be no longer there”.
• Chintang has just one auxiliary verb (AUX), lus (‘speak, feel, be felt’). The auxiliary combines with the dedicated reciprocal form of the verb.
• The DET tag applies to words functioning as determiners, including:
  • Demonstratives: ba, huĩ, mo, to, yo
  • Indefinites: arko, baddhe, jun, kun, miʔmuŋ
  • Total jammai
  • Interrogatives asuk, them, themma Determiners do not have a Case marking on them.
• Chintang distinguishes four main verbal forms based on the VerbForm (tagged VERB or AUX):
  • Finite verbs (Fin)
  • Infinitives (Inf)
  • Converbs (Conv)
  • Participles (Part)

Features

Nominal Features

• Nominals (NOUN, PRON, PROPN) carry Case (Abs, AbsErg, Cau, Com, Erg, Loc, LocCom, LocErg, LocLoc, LocPer, LocPerErg, Per, PerErg) and Number (Sing, Dual, Plur).
  • NUM inherits nominal features when used as a nominal.
• ADJ, ADV, and infinitive VERB (VerbForm=Inf) may take possessive prefixes, which also introduce the Number feature.
  • On NOUN and PROPN with possessive prefixes, the number of the possessor is annotated using Number[psor] (Sing, Dual, Plur).
• Nominals with the possessive suffix -ko receive Poss (Yes) feature.

Pronouns, Determiners and Adverbs

• PronType (Dem, Ind, Int, Prs, Rel, Tot) is used with PRON, DET, and ADV.
• ADV may carry AdvType (Ext, Loc, Man, Qua).
• Personal pronouns (PRON, PronType=Prs) inflects for Person (1, 2, 3) and may have Clusivity (Ex, In).
  • Other parts of speech may take possessive prefixes, introducing Person, Number and Clusivity features.
  • VERB agree with their agents and patients in Number, Person, and Clusivity
    • For patient agreements, layered features are used: Number[p], Person[p], Clusivity[p].
• Demonstratives (PronType=Dem) PRON, DET, and ADV have the Deixis (Prox, Med, Remt) feature.
• Demonstratives (PronType=Dem) ADV may have a- ‘REMOTE’ or u- ‘ACCESS’ annotated with Reach (Remote, Access).

Verbal Features

• VERB may have Aspect (ComplImp, ComplPerf, ComplPerfv, Imp, Perf, Perfv), Mood (Imp, Ind, Opt, Sub), Tense (Past, Pres), Voice (Act, Rcp, Refl, CauRcp, CauRefl), and VerbForm (Conv, Fin, Inf, Part).
  • Converbs (VerbForm=Conv) additionally carry ConvType (Cntf, Coord, Purp) feature.
• The reportative evidential =pho uses Evident=Nfh.

Other Features

• Animacy (Hum, Nhum) and NumType (Card) are used with NUM.
• Degree (Dim) is used with diminutive NOUN and PROPN.
• Foreign (Yes) is used with foreign words tagged as X.
• InfStruct (Foc, Top, Uniq) is used with the information structure PART.
• Polarity (Neg) is used for negative CCONJ (na “nor”), INTJ (e.g. ahã “no”), PART (e.g. mahãʔ “be not”), and VERB. Polarity (Pos) is used on positive INTJ (e.g. eiʔ “yes”).

• Red (Yes) is used for morphologically reduplicated words.

• The following universal features are currently not used in Chintang: Abbr, Definite, DeixisRef, ExtPos, Gender, NounClass, Polite, Reflex, Typo.

Syntax

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

• Nominal subjects (nsubj) are noun phrases, typically in clause-initial position.
  • The sole argument of intransitive predicates (the intransitive subject) takes the Absolutive case (-0, Case=Abs).
  • The agent argument of transitive predicates (the transitive subject) takes the Ergative case (-ŋa, Case=Erg).
  • Subjects do not take postpositions.
  • Finite subordinate clauses functioning as subjects are labeled csubj.
• For transitive predicates, the patient (or the direct object obj) typically occurs in second position. It has the Absolutive case marking and lacks postpositions.
• Indirect objects (iobj) of ditransitive predicates may bear Absolutive or Ergative case depending on the valency frame of the predicate.
• Adjuncts (obl) are postpositional phrases or bare nominals marked with cases other than Absolutive or Ergative.

Non-verbal Clauses

• Positive identity, quality, locational, and existential clauses may be non-verbal, lacking an overt copula.
• Positive copular clauses of all types can use lis and yug, treated as heads of the clause and tagged VERB.
• Negative non-verbal clauses of all types are marked by negative verboids: mahãʔ “be not”, manchiʔ “be not there”, mane “should not”, and phopheiʔ “be no longer there” (tagged PART and annotated with advmod:cop).

Relations Overview

• The following 21 relation subtypes are used in Chintang:

  • acl:nmlz clausal nominalization
  • acl:relcl relative clause modifier
  • advcl:cntf counterfactual comparison adverbial clause
  • advcl:coord coordinated action adverbial clause
  • advcl:emph emphasizing adverbial clause
  • advcl:purp purposive adverbial clause
  • advcl:sim simultaneous action adverbial clause
  • advmod:cop copular use of adverbial modifier
  • advmod:emph emphasizing word, intensifier
  • advmod:nmlz adverbial nominalization
  • amod:nmlz adjectival nominalization
  • compound:lvc light verb construction
  • det:nmlz determiner nominalization
  • flat:foreign foreign words
  • flat:name names
  • flat:num flat multiword number
  • nmod:nmlz nominal nominalization
  • nmod:poss possessive nominal modifier
  • nsubj:outer outer clause nominal subject
  • obj:caus agentive object in causative construction
  • xcomp:desid open clausal desiderative compliment

• The following relation types are not currently used in Chintang: clf, cop, dep, dislocated, expl, fixed, goeswith, list.

Treebanks

There is 1 Chintang UD treebank:

• Chintang-CTNTB

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