This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.
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POS tags

Open class words Closed class words Other
ADJ ADP PUNCT
ADV AUX SYM
INTJ CONJ X
NOUN DET
PROPN NUM
VERB PART
PRON
SCONJ

ADJ: adjective

Definition

ADJ pos tags is used for adjectives. These are morphologically nominals that typically have comparative derivations as well. They modify nominals and typically agree with the modified nominals in some of the morphological features. Adjectives are typically relatively well established in grammars and easy to spot.

Less standard cases:

Telling DET apart from ADJ…

Examples

edit ADJ

ADP: adposition

Definition

ADP is used for adpositions, i.e., prepositions and postpositions (many Uralic languages won’t make strict distinctions). Adpositions have nominal complements that can be identified by the cases, or the complement may be encoded by a possessive suffix on the adposition itself. ADP can be separated from ADV by lack of complement or if the complement is verb or a clause.

Adpositions are often derived from defective or historic nominal paradigms, the tagging should follow modern diachronic analysis instead of etymological.

Examples

edit ADP

ADV: adverb

Description

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, clauses or other ad-words, but not nouns. Adverbs are commonly derived from all parts-of-speech, sometimes the distinction between adverb and inflection is not clear. Most common adverb derivation for most languages is from verb to manner of acting, e.g. [fi] kauniisti “beautifully” (< kaunis “beautiful).

Examples

edit ADV

AUX: auxiliary verb

Description

Auxiliary verb is a verb carrying some of the verb phrase’s features or categories. It has not been very systematically dealt with in traditional Uralic grammars. Most languages have selected a closed sub-set of verbs. For example verbs that have infinitive complements, verbs for syntactic tense constructions, verbs used in possessive structures, etc.

Negation verbs are not currently marked as AUX, even when they carry the main verb’s inflectional features (only in Finnish of current tree-banks).

Examples

~~~ conllu # sentence-text: Grande finalen pitää olla grande, eikä pienestä lurituksesta tule muuta kuin kiukkuiseksi. 1 Grande Grande X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 5 nsubj:cop _ _ 2 finalen finale X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 1 foreign _ _ 3 pitää pitää AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 aux _ _ 4 olla olla VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _ 5 grande grande X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No 6 , , PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _ 7 eikä ei VERB V Clitic=Ka|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cc _ _ 8 pienestä pieni ADJ A Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _ 9 lurituksesta luritus NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 10 nmod _ _ 10 tule tulla VERB V Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 11 muuta muu PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 10 xcomp _ _ 12 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 13 mark _ _ 13 kiukkuiseksi kiukkuinen ADJ A Case=Tra|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 11 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _ ~̃~~

edit AUX

CONJ: coordinating conjunction

Definition

A coordinating conjunction is a word that links words or larger constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other and expresses a semantic relationship between them.

Some coordinating conjunctions appear in pairs or groups of more than one: [fi] sekä … että “both … and”.

Co-ordination and enclitic particles

Many Uralic languages have enclitic particles that are used in co-ordination in addition to or instead of specific words. It is not clear what is the best way to analyse this in Uralic Dependencies.

Examples

~̃~~ conllu # sentence-text: Jäällä kävely avaa aina hauskoja ja erikoisia näkökulmia kaupunkiin. 1 Jäällä jää NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _ 2 kävely kävely NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 avaa avata VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _ 4 aina aina ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _ 5 hauskoja hauska ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 8 amod _ _ 6 ja ja CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _ 7 erikoisia erikoinen ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 5 conj 8:amod _ 8 näkökulmia näkö#kulma NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 3 dobj _ _ 9 kaupunkiin kaupunki NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _ ~~~

edit CONJ

DET: determiner

Description

Determiners are words that modify nouns or noun phrases. Determiners are scarcely used in Uralic grammar tradition, however, Hungarian has proper articles that are analysed as determiners.

Some pronouns, demonstratives for example, could be re-analysed as determiners, as well as some non-inflecting adjectives.

Examples

edit DET

INTJ: interjection

Description

An interjection is a word that is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. It typically expresses an emotional reaction, is not syntactically related to other accompanying expressions, and may include a combination of sounds not otherwise found in the language. Interjections are used for many spoken language tokens.

Enclitic discourse particles are not, at the moment, analysed at all.

Some interjections feature rich morphology or have counterparts in other parts of speech.

Examples

edit INTJ

NOUN: noun

Description

Nouns are a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea. The NOUN tag is intended for common nouns only. See PROPN for proper nouns and PRON for pronouns. Nouns are as described in Universal rules. Uralic nouns can be recognised from typically the case, number and etc. inflection. Some noun forms lexicalise to Adverbs or adpositions. Nouns do not typically have so strong tendency of comparative derivations like adjectives do.

Examples

~~~ conllu # sentence-text: Oma jääkaappini oli aivan tyhjä ja koska kauppareissu tällä jalalla ei houkuttanut sitten alkuunkaan, turvauduin ystäväni apuun. 1 Oma oma ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ _ 2 jääkaappini jää#kaappi NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 5 nsubj:cop _ _ 3 oli olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop _ _ 4 aivan aivan ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _ 5 tyhjä tyhjä ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 6 ja ja CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _ 7 koska koska SCONJ C _ 12 mark _ _ 8 kauppareissu kauppa#reissu NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 9 tällä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ade|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 10 det _ _ 10 jalalla jalka NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _ 11 ei ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 12 neg _ _ 12 houkuttanut houkuttaa VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 16 advcl _ _ 13 sitten sitten ADV Adv _ 14 advmod _ _ 14 alkuunkaan alkuunkaan ADV Adv _ 12 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 15 , , PUNCT Punct _ 12 punct _ _ 16 turvauduin turvautua VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 conj _ _ 17 ystäväni ystävä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 18 nmod:poss _ _ 18 apuun apu NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 16 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 19 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _ ~~̃~

edit NOUN

NUM: numeral

Description

A numeral is a word, functioning most typically as a determiner, adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number and a relation to the number, such as quantity, sequence, frequency or fraction.

Ordinal numerals are classified as adjectives ADJ if they act like adjectives in syntax.

Examples

edit NUM

PART: particle

Description

< Particles are function words that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning and that do not satisfy definitions of other universal parts of speech (e.g. adpositions, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions or auxiliary verbs). Particles should be used scarcely in uralic dependencies. What is called particle in lot of Uralic literature is typically adverb ADV, interjection INTJ or adposition ADP in universal dependencies, also CONJ and SCONJ in limited amounts.

Enclitic discourse particles are not analysed in the current versions of Uralic dependency schemes.

Examples

None in Finnish.

edit PART

PRON: pronoun

Description

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns or noun phrases, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context. Pronouns are used for nominals references without intrinsic semantic value, some pronouns have defective case paradigms but usually resemble nouns in their paradigms.

Pro-words of other parts of speech than noun are common in Uralic languages, in the current Universal scheme they are still categorised under the respective non pro part of speech, i.e., ADJ for pro-adjectives, ADV for pro-adverb and so forth.

Examples

edit PRON

PROPN: proper noun

Description

A proper noun is a noun (or nominal content word) that is the name (or part of the name) of a specific individual, place, or object. Acronyms made of a proper noun or proper nouns should also be tagged PROPN.

Examples

edit PROPN

PUNCT: punctuation

Description

Punctuation marks are non-alphabetical characters and character groups used in many languages to delimit linguistic units in printed text. Uralic languages share mostly the same limited set of punctuation marks.

Examples

~̃~~ conllu # sentence-text: Vähän samanlainen tunne kuin silloin, kun ystävämme vei meidät kerran ylöstuomiokirkon torniin. 1 Vähän vähän ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _ 2 samanlainen samanlainen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _ 3 tunne tunne NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 4 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 5 mark _ _ 5 silloin silloin ADV Adv _ 2 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 6 , , PUNCT Punct _ 9 punct _ _ 7 kun kun SCONJ C _ 9 mark _ _ 8 ystävämme ystävä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1 9 nsubj _ _ 9 vei viedä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 advcl _ _ 10 meidät minä PRON Pron Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 9 dobj _ _ 11 kerran kerran ADV Adv _ 9 advmod _ _ 12 ylös ylös ADV Adv _ 14 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No 13 tuomiokirkon tuomio#kirkko NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 14 nmod:poss _ _ 14 torniin torni NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 15 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _ ~~~

edit PUNCT

SCONJ: subordinating conjunction

Description

A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of the other. What some grammars call adverbial conjunctions are also tagged SCONJ in Uralic dependencies.

Like with co-ordinating conjunctions, there is no common best practice for annotating Uralic conjunction enclitics.

Examples

# sentence-text: Vähän samanlainen tunne kuin silloin, kun ystävämme vei meidät kerran ylöstuomiokirkon torniin.
1       Vähän   vähän   ADV     Adv     _       2       advmod  _       _
2       samanlainen     samanlainen     ADJ     A       Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 3       amod    _       _
3       tunne   tunne   NOUN    N       Case=Nom|Number=Sing    0       root    _       _
4       kuin    kuin    SCONJ   C       _       5       mark    _       _
5       silloin silloin ADV     Adv     _       2       advcl   _       SpaceAfter=No
6       ,       ,       PUNCT   Punct   _       9       punct   _       _
7       kun     kun     SCONJ   C       _       9       mark    _       _
8       ystävämme       ystävä  NOUN    N       Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1   9       nsubj
   _       _
9       vei     viedä   VERB    V       Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5       advcl
   _       _
10      meidät  minä    PRON    Pron    Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs      9       dobj    _       _
11      kerran  kerran  ADV     Adv     _       9       advmod  _       _
12      ylös    ylös    ADV     Adv     _       14      advmod  _       SpaceAfter=No
13      tuomiokirkon    tuomio#kirkko   NOUN    N       Case=Gen|Number=Sing    14      nmod:poss       _       _
14      torniin torni   NOUN    N       Case=Ill|Number=Sing    9       nmod    _       SpaceAfter=No
15      .       .       PUNCT   Punct   _       3       punct   _       _

edit SCONJ

SYM: symbol

Description

A symbol is a word-like entity that differs from ordinary words by form, function, or both. Symbols are character sequences other than those in punct part of speech.

Symbols in many Uralic languages inflect like common nominals, e.g. with an intervening punctuation.

Examples

~̃~~ conllu # sentence-text: Tässä mallissa on sama 6,1 -litrainen Hemi -moottori kuin SRT -8:ssa, mutta väri on erikoinen “Detonator Yellow” ja siinä on mustat teippaukset. 1 Tässä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ine|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 det _ _ 2 mallissa malli NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _ 3 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _ 4 sama sama PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 8 det _ _ 5 6,1 6,1 NUM Num NumType=Card 6 nummod _ _ 6 -litrainen litra ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Derivation=Inen|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _ 7 Hemi Hemi PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 8 compound:nn _ _ 8 -moottori moottori NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 9 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 10 mark _ _ 10 SRT-8:ssa SRT#8 SYM Symb Case=Ine 4 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No 11 , , PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _ 12 mutta mutta CONJ C _ 3 cc _ _ 13 väri väri NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 17 nsubj:cop _ _ 14 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 17 cop _ _ 15 erikoinen erikoinen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 17 amod _ _ 16 “ “ PUNCT Punct _ 17 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 17 Detonator Detonator PROPN N _ 3 conj _ _ 18 Yellow Yellow PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 17 name _ SpaceAfter=No 19 “ “ PUNCT Punct _ 17 punct _ _ 20 ja ja CONJ C _ 17 cc _ _ 21 siinä se PRON Pron Case=Ine|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 22 nmod _ _ 22 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 17 conj _ _ 23 mustat musta ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 24 amod _ _ 24 teippaukset teippaus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 22 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No 25 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _ ~~~

edit SYM

VERB: verb

Description

Verbs typically inflect for tense, mood and person and signal events and actions. Verbs inflect with personal suffixes as well as tense, aspect, mood suffixes. Uralic verbs may often have large number of nominal forms with more or less full paradigms, typically annotated in grammars as infinitives and participles. There’s no best practice on selecting whether a word form should be a derived new word or a form of a verb.

Examples

edit VERB

X: other

Description

The tag X is used for words that for some reason cannot be assigned a real part-of-speech category. X is typically used for foreign language material or other un-processable data.

It is foreseeable that in many Uralic language data code-switching is more common, the other language parts should be tagged X throughout?

Examples

edit X

BESbswyBESbswyBESbswyBESbswy