Features
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Aspect: aspect
Description
Aspect is typically a feature of verbs. It may also occur with other parts of
speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs), depending on whether borderline word forms
such as gerunds and participles are classified as verbs or as the other
category. Uralic verbs have mainly suffixes in tense-mood axis, but some may
also be annotated in Aspect category.
Examples
None in Finnish.
Case: case
Case is usually an inflectional feature of nouns, and, in many Uralic
languages, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, some adpositions and adverbs,
and non-finite forms of verbs. The case feature typically matches case
suffixes. Some cases can be considered derivational, creating a new lexeme
rather than part of the original lexical features, this is often case with
marginal semantic cases that are not part of lexical constructions. Uralic
languages have rich case systems and there are few dozens of values that can be
used, it is advisable to try and match an existing value before documenting a
new one.
The values can be roughly separated into grammatical (Nom, Acc, Dat) and
semantic. Semantic cases are typically derived of proto-Uralic directional case
systems (to, on, from, and later: inner, outer and surficial, etc.), but are
different between Uralic languages. Marginal cases are sometimes considered as
derivational suffixes instead.
The case systems of Uralic languages vary a lot, a care should be taken in using correct values mapping between different languages. For example, Hungarian has full nominative-accusative-dative grammatical case system, whereas Finnish has genitive and partitive standing in for object cases and no dative; Hungarian has a 9 locative case system whereas Finnish has 6 and North Sámi 4. It is not always easy to map between them using descriptions here as only guideline.
Distinguishing between marginal cases and derivations have to be done on a case by case basis. Potential evidence against Case feature includes: no phonological evidence (e.g. lack of vowel harmony indicates a postpositional enclitic / compound), no syntactic evidence (e.g. lack of case agreement in noun phrases) and limited productivity.
Nom: Nominative
Nominative is typically an unmarked base form, the form of subject’s in basic clauses, often also the dictionary form and lemma form of the word.
Nominative examples
- [fi] kissa “cat”, talo “house”
- [fi] nopea “fast”, juokseva “running”
- [fi] minä “I”, kolme “three”
# sentence-text: Tämä ongelma voidaan ratkaista siten, että pieni tarkkailijoiden ydinryhmä toimii pidemmällä aikavälillä.
1 Tämä tämä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 det _ _
2 ongelma ongelma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 dobj _ _
3 voidaan voida AUX V Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 4 aux _ _
4 ratkaista ratkaista VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
5 siten siten ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 , , PUNCT Punct _ 11 punct _ _
7 että että SCONJ C _ 11 mark _ _
8 pieni pieni ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 10 amod _ _
9 tarkkailijoiden tarkkailija NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Plur 10 nmod:poss _ _
10 ydinryhmä ydin#ryhmä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _
11 toimii toimia VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 ccomp
_ _
12 pidemmällä pitkä ADJ A Case=Ade|Degree=Cmp|Number=Sing 13 amod _ _
13 aikavälillä aika#väli NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 11 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Acc: Accusative
Accusative is typically the form of direct object, but not necessarily solely.
For example, in Finnish the direct object is mainly seen in genitive Gen and
partitive Par forms instead (because of language history).
Accusative examples
- [fi] hänet “him”
1 - - PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
2 Opettaja opettaja NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 5 vocative _ SpaceA
fter=No
3 , , PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
4 mä minä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs|Style=Coll 5 nsubj _
_
5 näin nähdä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
6 sut sinä PRON Pron Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Coll 5 dobj _
_
7 eilen eilen ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
8 kaupungilla kaupunki NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Dat: Dative
Dative is typically a form for indirect object, though many other (semantic) cases are used in constructions that are considered indirect objects in some of the grammars.
Dative examples
None in Finnish.
Par: Partitive
Partitive is used for various tasks, including object case, indefinite semantics etc.
Partitive examples
- [fi] kissaa “a cat, of a cat”, taloa “a house, of a house”
# sentence-text: Se ravasi käytännössä siksakkia joen toisen penkan muurilta toiselle, kävi tervehtimässä kaikkia vastaantulijoita ja varmuuden vuoksi kyräili jokaista hiihtäjää.
1 Se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 nsubj 11:nsubj|12:nsubj|18:nsubj _
2 ravasi ravata VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 käytännössä käytäntö NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
4 siksakkia siksakki NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
5 joen joki NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _
6 toisen toinen PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Sing|PronType=Rcp 7 det _ _
7 penkan penkka NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 muurilta muuri NOUN N Case=Abl|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
9 toiselle toinen PRON Pron Case=All|Number=Sing|PronType=Rcp 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
11 kävi käydä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 conj
_ _
12 tervehtimässä tervehtiä VERB V Case=Ine|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 11
xcomp _ _
13 kaikkia kaikki PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 14 det _ _
14 vastaantulijoita vastaantulija NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 12 dobj _ _
15 ja ja CONJ C _ 2 cc _ _
16 varmuuden varmuus NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 18 nmod _ _
17 vuoksi vuoksi ADP Adp AdpType=Post 16 case _ _
18 kyräili kyräillä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2
conj _ _
19 jokaista jokainen PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 20 det _
_
20 hiihtäjää hiihtäjä NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 18 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
21 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Gen: Genitive
Genitive is typically used to form owning construction. In Finnish, genitive is used for many grammatical constructions, such as necessive subject, direct object, and so forth. Historically Finnish may have had an accusative suffix of -m whereas genitive suffix is -n, that have been merged, however, this distinction is not made in Universal Dependencies analysis (there should be a guideline saying that historical analyses are to be avoided).
Genitive examples
- [fi] kissan “cat’s”, talon “house’s”
# sentence-text: Ainoastaan ihan lopun tapahtumat alkoivat olla dramaturgisesti puuroa, ikään kuin innostus olisi vienyt tarinaa eteenpäin, mutta yhtäkkiä olisi tullut ongelma, mihin jutun päättää.
1 Ainoastaan ainoastaan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
2 ihan ihan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
3 lopun loppu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _
4 tapahtumat tapahtuma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 5 nsubj 8:nsubj:cop _
5 alkoivat alkaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0
root _ _
6 olla olla VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 8 cop _ _
7 dramaturgisesti dramaturginen ADV Adv Derivation=Sti 8 advmod _ _
8 puuroa puuro NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 5 xcomp _ SpaceAfter=No
9 , , PUNCT Punct _ 14 punct _ _
10 ikään ikään ADV Adv _ 14 advmod 21:advmod _
11 kuin kuin ADV Adv _ 10 mwe _ _
12 innostus innostus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 14 nsubj _ _
13 olisi olla AUX V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 14 aux _
_
14 vienyt viedä VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 5
advcl _ _
15 tarinaa tarina NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 14 dobj _ _
16 eteenpäin eteenpäin ADV Adv _ 14 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
17 , , PUNCT Punct _ 14 punct _ _
18 mutta mutta CONJ C _ 14 cc _ _
19 yhtäkkiä yhtäkkiä ADV Adv _ 21 advmod _ _
20 olisi olla AUX V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 21 aux _
_
21 tullut tulla VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 14
conj 5:advcl _
22 ongelma ongelma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 21 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
23 , , PUNCT Punct _ 26 punct _ _
24 mihin mikä PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 26 nmod _ _
25 jutun juttu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 26 dobj _ _
26 päättää päättää VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 22 ccomp
_ SpaceAfter=No
27 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Ine: Inessive case
Inessive is case for “being inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Inessive examples
- [fi] kissassa “in a cat”, talossa “in a house”
# sentence-text: Rakastan värkätä kaikenlaista juttua omassa verstaassani niin, että aika vain suhahtaa ohi.
1 Rakastan rakastaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
2 värkätä värkätä VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 xcomp _ _
3 kaikenlaista kaikenlainen ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 juttua juttu NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _
5 omassa oma ADJ A Case=Ine|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 verstaassani verstas NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 2 nmod
_ _
7 niin niin ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
8 , , PUNCT Punct _ 12 punct _ _
9 että että SCONJ C _ 12 mark _ _
10 aika aika NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _
11 vain vain ADV Adv _ 12 advmod _ _
12 suhahtaa suhahtaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 ccomp _ _
13 ohi ohi ADV Adv _ 12 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Ela: Elative case
Elative is case for “moving out from inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Elative examples
- [fi] kissasta “from a cat”, talosta “ from a house”
# sentence-text: Tykkään aivan mielettömästi piirretyistä ja tästä tuli kyllä eräs uusista elokuvasuosikeistani.:)
1 Tykkään tykätä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 aivan aivan ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
3 mielettömästi mielettömästi ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
4 piirretyistä piirretty NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
5 ja ja CONJ C _ 1 cc _ _
6 tästä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ela|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 7 nmod _ _
7 tuli tulla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 conj
_ _
8 kyllä kyllä ADV Adv _ 7 advmod _ _
9 eräs eräs PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 7 nsubj _ _
10 uusista uusi ADJ A Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 11 amod _ _
11 elokuvasuosikeistani elo#kuva#suosikki NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 9 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 :) :) SYM Symb _ 1 discourse _ _
Ill: Illative case
Illative is case for “moving into inside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Illative examples
- [fi] kissaan “into a cat”, taloon “into a house”
# sentence-text: Luulenpa että yksi syy jäädä kotiin on nimenomaan se, että tekemistä on ollut kovin paljon.
1 Luulenpa luulla VERB V Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=
Act 0 root _ _
2 että että SCONJ C _ 9 mark _ _
3 yksi yksi NUM Num Case=Nom|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 4 nummod _ _
4 syy syy NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 9 nsubj:cop _ _
5 jäädä jäädä VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 4 acl _ _
6 kotiin koti NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
7 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop
_ _
8 nimenomaan nimen#omaan ADV Adv _ 9 advmod _ _
9 se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 1 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 16 punct _ _
11 että että SCONJ C _ 16 mark _ _
12 tekemistä tekeminen NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 16 nsubj:cop _ _
13 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 16 aux
_ _
14 ollut olla VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 16
cop _ _
15 kovin kovin ADV Adv _ 16 advmod _ _
16 paljon paljon ADV Adv _ 9 ccomp _ SpaceAfter=No
17 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Ade: Adessive case
Adessive is case for “being outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Adessive examples
- [fi] kissalla “on a cat”, talolla “near a house”
# sentence-text: Vietin eilisen päivän tosiaan sohvalla lepäillen ja jalkaani hoitaen.
1 Vietin viettää VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 eilisen eilinen ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
3 päivän päivä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ _
4 tosiaan tosiaan ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
5 sohvalla sohva NOUN N Case=Ade|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
6 lepäillen lepäillä VERB V Case=Ins|InfForm=2|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1
advcl _ _
7 ja ja CONJ C _ 6 cc _ _
8 jalkaani jalka NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 9 dobj
_ _
9 hoitaen hoitaa VERB V Case=Ins|InfForm=2|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 conj 1:advcl SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Abl: Ablative case
Ablative is case for “moving from outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Ablative examples
- [fi] kissalta “from a cat”, talolta “from around a house”
# sentence-text: Tämän lisäksi osa rahoituksesta pyritään keräämään tulevalta yleisöltä (crowd funding).
1 Tämän tämä PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 nmod _ _
2 lisäksi lisäksi ADP Adp AdpType=Post 1 case _ _
3 osa osa NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 6 dobj _ _
4 rahoituksesta rahoitus NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
5 pyritään pyrkiä VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 0 root _
_
6 keräämään kerätä VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 xcomp
_ _
7 tulevalta tuleva ADJ A Case=Abl|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 yleisöltä yleisö NOUN N Case=Abl|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
9 ( ( PUNCT Punct _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
10 crowd crowd X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 5 appos _ _
11 funding funding X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 10 foreign _ SpaceAfter=No
12 ) ) PUNCT Punct _ 10 punct _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
All: Allative case
Allative is case for “moving to outside”. It is a part of the Uralic extended locative case system.
Allative examples
- [fi] kissalle “to a cat”, talolle “ to a house”
# sentence-text: Eilen ajoin yksin mökille.
1 Eilen eilen ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
2 ajoin ajaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 yksin yksin ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
4 mökille mökki NOUN N Case=All|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
~̃~̃~
### `Sup`: Superessive case
Superessive is case for "being on a surface". It is a part of the Uralic extended
locative case system.
#### Superessive examples
None in Finnish.
### `Del`: Delative case
Elative is case for "moving out from surface". It is a part of the Uralic
extended locative case system.
#### Delative examples
None in Finnish.
### `Sub`: Sublative case
Sublative is case for "moving onto a surface". It is a part of the Uralic
extended locative case system.
#### Delative examples
None in Finnish.
<!--
some Uralic languages will have more of a proto-Uralic three case system
-->
### `Loc`: Locative case
Locative is case for "being in / at / on". It is a part of Proto-Uralic
basic locative case system.
#### Locative examples
None in Finnish
### `Lat`: Lative case
Lative is case for "moving in / at / on". It is a part of Proto-Uralic
basic locative case system.
#### Lative examples
None in Finnish
<!-- marginal locative -->
### `Ter`: Terminative case
Terminative is case for "moving until".
#### Terminative examples
None in Finnish
### `Pro?`: Prolative case
Prolative is a case for "moving via".
#### Prolative examples
None in Finnish
<!-- locative ~ stative case system -->
### `Ess`: Essive case
Essive is a case for "being something". It is a part of Uralic stative case
system.
#### Essive examples
* [fi] _kissana_ "as a cat", _talona_ "as a house"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Tuomiokirkko rakennuksena tekee minuun aina suuren vaikutuksen.
1 Tuomiokirkko tuomio#kirkko NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
2 rakennuksena rakennus NOUN N Case=Ess|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
3 tekee tehdä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
4 minuun minä PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nmod _ _
5 aina aina ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ _
6 suuren suuri ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 vaikutuksen vaikutus NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Exe: Exessive case
Exessive is a case for “unbecoming something”.
Finnish essives are treated as derivations, e.g. [fi] papinta “from a priest(‘s house)”
Exessive examples
None in Finnish
Tra: Translative case
Translative is a case for “turning into something”.
Translative examples
- [fi] kissaksi “into a cat”, taloksi “as home, lit. into a house”
# sentence-text: Sitten pilkon sipulia hyvin pieneksi silpuksi ja lisään joukkoon.
1 Sitten sitten ADV Adv _ 2 advmod 8:advmod _
2 pilkon pilkkoa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 sipulia sipuli NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj 8:dobj _
4 hyvin hyvin ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
5 pieneksi pieni ADJ A Case=Tra|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 6 amod _ _
6 silpuksi silppu NOUN N Case=Tra|Number=Sing 2 xcomp:ds _ _
7 ja ja CONJ C _ 2 cc _ _
8 lisään lisätä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 conj
_ _
9 joukkoon joukko NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Abe: Abessive case
Abessive is a case for “without”.
Abessive examples
- [fi] kissatta, “without a cat”, talotta “without a house”
# sentence-text: Olipa kysymys siis tuhansista kadonneista tai Jammun ja Kashmirin joukkohaudoista tai kristittyjen murhaamisesta Orissassa ja heihin kohdistuvista hyökkäyksistä, meidän on edelleen sitouduttava ihmisoikeuksiin ehdoitta
ja varauksetta.
1 Olipa olla VERB V Clitic=Pa|Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act
23 advcl _ _
2 kysymys kysymys NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 1 nsubj _ _
3 siis siis ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
4 tuhansista tuhat NUM Num Case=Ela|Number=Plur|NumType=Card 5 nummod _ _
5 kadonneista kadonnut NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 1 nmod _ _
6 tai tai CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _
7 Jammun Jammu PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 10 nmod:poss _ _
8 ja ja CONJ C _ 7 cc _ _
9 Kashmirin Kashmir PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 conj 10:nmod:poss _
10 joukkohaudoista joukko#hauta NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 5 conj 1:nmod _
11 tai tai CONJ C _ 5 cc _ _
12 kristittyjen kristitty ADJ A Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 13 nmod:gobj _
_
13 murhaamisesta murhata NOUN N Case=Ela|Derivation=Minen|Number=Sing 5 conj 1:nmod _
14 Orissassa Orissa PROPN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _
15 ja ja CONJ C _ 13 cc _ _
16 heihin hän PRON Pron Case=Ill|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 17 nmod _ _
17 kohdistuvista kohdistua VERB V Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Vo
ice=Act 18 acl _ _
18 hyökkäyksistä hyökkäys NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Plur 13 conj 1:nmod SpaceAfter=No
19 , , PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
20 meidän minä PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 23 nsubj _ _
21 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 23 aux
_ _
22 edelleen edelleen ADV Adv _ 23 advmod _ _
23 sitouduttava sitoutua VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Vo
ice=Pass 0 root _ _
24 ihmisoikeuksiin ihmis#oikeus NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _
25 ehdoitta ehto NOUN N Case=Abe|Number=Plur 23 nmod _ _
26 ja ja CONJ C _ 25 cc _ _
27 varauksetta varaus NOUN N Case=Abe|Number=Sing 25 conj 23:nmod SpaceAfter=No
28 . . PUNCT Punct _ 23 punct _ _
Ins: Instructive or instrumental case
Instructive is a case for “with” (as a tool, means etc.).
Many Finnish instructives are treated as adverbs, e.g. [fi] käsin “by hand, manually”.
Instructive examples
- [fi] kissoin “with cats”, taloin “with houses”
# sentence-text: Joulun jälkeen on hyvä hetki katsella ruokakaupan hyllyjä aivan uusin silmin.
1 Joulun joulu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
2 jälkeen jälkeen ADP Adp AdpType=Post 1 case _ _
3 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop
_ _
4 hyvä hyvä ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 hetki hetki NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
6 katsella katsella VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 5 acl
_ _
7 ruokakaupan ruoka#kauppa NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 8 nmod:poss _ _
8 hyllyjä hylly NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 6 dobj _ _
9 aivan aivan ADV Adv _ 10 advmod _ _
10 uusin uusi ADJ A Case=Ins|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 11 amod _ _
11 silmin silmä NOUN N Case=Ins|Number=Plur 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Com: Comitative or sociative case
Comitative is a case for “with” (as accompanied with, alongside).
Comitative examples
- [fi] kissoine “with their cats”, taloine “with their houses”
# sentence-text: Itse asiassa siinä kulminoituu elämän koko kirjo iloineen ja suruineen.
1 Itse itse ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
2 asiassa asiassa ADV Adv _ 1 mwe _ _
3 siinä se PRON Pron Case=Ine|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nmod _ _
4 kulminoituu kulminoitua VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 0 root _ _
5 elämän elämä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 7 nmod:poss _ _
6 koko koko ADJ A _ 7 amod _ _
7 kirjo kirjo NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
8 iloineen ilo NOUN N Case=Com|Person[psor]=3 7 nmod _ _
9 ja ja CONJ C _ 8 cc _ _
10 suruineen suru NOUN N Case=Com|Person[psor]=3 8 conj 7:nmod SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Dis: Distributive case
Distributive is a case for “each, one by one”.
Finnish distributives are treated as derivations, such as [fi] talottain “house by house”.
Distributive examples
Tem: Temporal case
Temporal is a case for “at” (for a given time).
Finnish temporal distributives are treated as derivations, such as [fi] perjantaisin “each Friday”.
Temporal examples
Cau: Causative or causal case
Causative is a case for “because of”.
Add: Additive case
Additive is an Estonian case…
Voc: Vocative case
Vocative is a case for …
Layered cases
Some Uralic languages allow stacking of case suffixes, which might be implemented in UD as layered annotations or lexicalising the inflected form.
Definite: definiteness or state
Description
Definiteness is typically a feature of nouns, adjectives and articles. Definiteness is not an explicitly marked feature in most traditional Uralic descriptions. Many uralic languages feature few ways of expressing definiteness, such as partitive case, which is not marked using Definite feature but just a Case. Definite exists in Hungarian as a feature for indefinite and definite articles, as well as verbal suffixes.
Def: Definite
Definite is used for definite forms.
Definite examples
- [hu] egy “a, one”
Ind: Indefinite
Indefinite is used for indefinite forms.
Indefinite examples
- [hu] az “the”
Degree: degree of comparison
Description
Degree of comparison is a feature of adjectives, some adverbs, and verbs in participle form. Comparative suffixes can sometimes be used with common nouns as well. Typically there are three degrees of comparison: positive or first, comparative or second and superlative or third degree. Some descriptions include exaggerative degrees, e.g. [hu] legeslegjobb “better than best”, however it is commonly treated as derivation, compounding or just separate lexemes and appears typically in very limited situations.
Pos: Positive or first degree
Positive degree is the neutral, typically unmarked form.
Positive examples
- [fi] kaunis “pretty”, nopeasti “fast”, kauas “far”
# sentence-text: Pientä painostusta ilmassa, jos nyt rehellisiä ollaan.
1 Pientä pieni ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 2 amod _ _
2 painostusta painostus NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
3 ilmassa ilma NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
5 jos jos SCONJ C _ 7 mark _ _
6 nyt nyt ADV Adv _ 7 advmod _ _
7 rehellisiä rehellinen ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 2 advcl _ _
8 ollaan olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 7 cop _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Cmp: Comparative or second degree
Comparative is used for comparison or comparable qualities.
Comparative examples
- [fi] kauniimpi “prettier”, nopeammin “faster”, kauemmas “further”
- [fi] ranta (noun) “a beach”, rannemmas “further towards / into a beach”
# sentence-text: Toivottavasti se on parempi kuin eilinen mahalasku.
1 Toivottavasti toivottavasti ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
2 se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj:cop _ _
3 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop
_ _
4 parempi hyvä ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Cmp|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 7 mark _ _
6 eilinen eilinen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 mahalasku maha#lasku NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 advcl _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Sup: Superlative or third degree
Superlative is used for ultimate within compared group quality.
Superlative examples
- [fi] kaunein “prettiest”, nopeimmin (or nopeiten) “fastest”, kauimmas “furthest”
# sentence-text: Joulun suurin tarkoitus on muistuttaa meitä suurimmasta rakkaudesta.
1 Joulun joulu NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 2 nmod:poss _ _
2 suurin suuri ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Sup|Number=Sing 3 amod _ _
3 tarkoitus tarkoitus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 5 nsubj:cop _ _
4 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 5 cop
_ _
5 muistuttaa muistuttaa VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
6 meitä minä PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 dobj _ _
7 suurimmasta suuri ADJ A Case=Ela|Degree=Sup|Number=Sing 8 amod _ _
8 rakkaudesta rakkaus NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Mood: mood
Description
Mood is a feature that expresses modality and subclassifies finite verb forms. Uralic verbs are commonly suffixed for mood, sometimes mood is intermixed with tense and/or aspect in Uralic inflectional systems.
Ind: Indicative mood
Indicative is the neutral mood, usually without overt suffix. In some dictionaries an indicative form is also the dictionary entry form, i.e., lemma or.
Indicative examples
- [fi] juoksen “I run”, tapamme “we kill”
# sentence-text: Se, mitä viime aikoina on tapahtunut on se, että ilmiölle tuli uusi nimi.
1 Se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 9 nsubj:cop _ SpaceA
fter=No
2 , , PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
3 mitä mikä PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel 7 nsubj _ _
4 viime viime ADJ A _ 5 amod _ _
5 aikoina aika NOUN N Case=Ess|Number=Plur 7 nmod _ _
6 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 aux
_ _
7 tapahtunut tapahtua VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 1 acl:relcl _ _
8 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop
_ _
9 se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 13 punct _ _
11 että että SCONJ C _ 13 mark _ _
12 ilmiölle ilmiö NOUN N Case=All|Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _
13 tuli tulla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 ccomp
_ _
14 uusi uusi ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 15 amod _ _
15 nimi nimi NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 13 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
16 . . PUNCT Punct _ 9 punct _ _
~̃~~
### `Imp`: Imperative mood
Imperative mood is used for giving orders or requests. It is sometimes mixed
with other related moods.
#### Imperative examples
* [fi] _juokse_ "run! (you)", _tappakaamme_ "we should kill"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Katsokaa ihmeessä tämä elokuva, jos Monsterit OY ja muut ihanuudet kolahtavat yhtään.
1 Katsokaa katsoa VERB V Mood=Imp|Number=Plur|Person=2|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 ihmeessä ihmeessä ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
3 tämä tämä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 det _ _
4 elokuva elo#kuva NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
Cnd: Conditional mood
Conditional mood is used to express actions that would have taken place under some circumstances but they actually did not / do not happen.
Conditional examples
- [fi] juoksisin “I would run”, tappaisimme “we would kill”
# sentence-text: Jospa joku ystävällinen sielu auttaisi kassieni kanssa.
1 Jospa jospa ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
2 joku joku PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 4 det _ _
3 ystävällinen ystävällinen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 sielu sielu NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 5 nsubj _ _
5 auttaisi auttaa VERB V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
6 kassieni kassi NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 5 nmod
_ _
7 kanssa kanssa ADP Adp AdpType=Post 6 case _ SpaceAfter=No
8 . . PUNCT Punct _ 5 punct _ _
Pot: Potential mood
Potential mood is used to express uncertainty. See also: Aspect.
Potential examples
- [fi] juossen “I might run”, tappanemme “we may kill”
# sentence-text: Tästä lähes vuosisadan laajuisesta näkökulmasta saanen mainita kaksi seikkaa.
1 Tästä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ela|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 5 det _ _
2 lähes lähes ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
3 vuosisadan vuosi#sata NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 4 nmod:poss _ _
4 laajuisesta laajuinen ADJ A Case=Ela|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 5 amod _ _
5 näkökulmasta näkö#kulma NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
6 saanen saada VERB V Mood=Pot|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _
_
7 mainita mainita VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 6 xcomp _ _
8 kaksi kaksi NUM Num Case=Nom|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 9 nummod _ _
9 seikkaa seikka NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 7 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 6 punct _ _
Jus: Jussive mood
The jussive mood expresses the desire that the action happens. Some uses of other moods may overlap with jussive, for example in Finnish potential inflection set.
Jussive examples
None in Finnish
Opt: Optative mood
Optative is mood for desired actions. For example Finnish optative is used in archaic literal style for proclamations.
Optative examples
- [fi] olla “to be”, ollos “may you be”
Eventive mood
The eventive mood is used in Finnish grammars of the combination of potential
and conditional moods. It has mainly archaic poetic significance and does not
occur in the current treabanks. If it were it might be marked as Cnd|Pot?
Negative: whether the word can be or is negated
Description
Negation is prominent feature in Uralic languages. The negation feature of Uralic dependencies is primarily used for the verb forms that go in negative sentences. In many cases there is a separate verb form for negative sentences that cannot be used in a context without negation, sometimes called a connegative form. This token should have feature Negative=Yes. There is no need to mark positive or affirmative forms with Negative=No feature, unless…
See also the Conneg feature, that is used in most uralic languages for the
verb forms that accompany negation verb.
This is a bit messy TODO.
Neg: Negative form
Used for negation verb.
~~~ conllu # sentence-text: En alkuun ymmärtänyt kysymystä. 1 En ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 neg _ _ 2 alkuun alku NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _ 3 ymmärtänyt ymmärtää VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 0 root _ _ 4 kysymystä kysymys NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No 5 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _ ~~~̃
Negative examples
- [fi] en “I do not”, ei “no, he doesn’t”
Pos: Positive form
Is used for.
NumType: numeral type
Description
Numeral types are used for lexical sub-categorisation of numerals. Common classes include cardinals and ordinals, sometimes also approximatives etc.
Card: Cardinal
Cardinal examples
- [fi] kolme “three”
- [u] 27
# sentence-text: Voitelin pari leipää ja söin aamiaisen vuoteessa takkatulen loisteessa lukien mielenkiintoista kirjaa
suomalaisten talonpoikaislevottomuuksista 1050-luvulla.
1 Voitelin voidella VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 0 root _ _
2 pari pari NUM Num Case=Nom|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 3 nummod _ _
3 leipää leipä NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ _
4 ja ja CONJ C _ 1 cc _ _
5 söin syödä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 conj
_ _
6 aamiaisen aamiainen NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 5 dobj _ _
Ord: Ordinal
Sometimes ordinals are marked as adjectives in their main part of speech classification, the NumType feature should(?) be used with adjectives.
Ordinal examples
- [fi] kolmas, 3., III “third”
# sentence-text: Uudet käyttäjät pystyvät käyttämään tilejään niin kuin nytkin ensimmäiset 6 kuukautta.
1 Uudet uusi ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 2 amod _ _
2 käyttäjät käyttäjä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 3 nsubj 4:nsubj _
3 pystyvät pystyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0
root _ _
4 käyttämään käyttää VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 3 xcomp
_ _
5 tilejään tili NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur|Person[psor]=3 4 dobj _ _
6 niin niin ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
7 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 8 mark _ _
8 nytkin nyt ADV Adv Clitic=Kin 6 advcl _ _
9 ensimmäiset ensimmäinen ADJ Num Case=Nom|Number=Plur|NumType=Ord 11 nummod _
_
10 6 6 NUM Num NumType=Card 11 nummod _ _
11 kuukautta kuu#kausi NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Mult: Multiplicative
Multiplicative examples
- [fi] kolmesti “thrice”
Dist: Distributive
Distributive examples
Frac: Fractional
Fractional examples
- [fi] kolmannes “one third”
Number: number
Number is a feature of nouns, pronouns and numbers as well as of verbs and
adjectives that mark agreement with them.
Number is a common morphological feature. It is used for both number of
nominals and number in verbal inflection. Number in Uralic languages can
typically appear multiple times as a layered feature, e.g. in possession as
number of nominals and number of possessors. For layered features, see
Number[psor] and Number[psed].
Sing: Singular
A singular noun denotes one person, animal or thing.
Singular examples
- [fi] talo “house”, minä “I”, yksi “one”, kolme “three”
- [fi] syön “I eat”, juokset “you (singular) run”
# sentence-text: Roolitus oli hyvin onnistunut.
1 Roolitus roolitus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 4 nsubj:cop _ _
2 oli olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop
_ _
3 hyvin hyvin ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
4 onnistunut onnistunut ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
5 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
~̃~~
### `Plur`: Singular
A plural noun denotes number of person, animal or thing.
#### Plural examples
* [fi] _talot_ "houses", _me_ "we", _yhdet_ "lit. ones", _kolmet_ "lit. threes"
* [fi] _syömme_ "we eat", _juoksette_ "you (plural) run"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Sisustajan perheessä on tupaantuliaisjuhlat ja jäimme kaupunkiin niiden vuoksi.
1 Sisustajan sisustaja NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 2 nmod:poss _ _
2 perheessä perhe NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
3 on olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
4 tupaantuliaisjuhlat tupaantuliaiset#juhla NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 3 nsubj _
_
5 ja ja CONJ C _ 3 cc _ _
6 jäimme jäädä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 conj
_ _
7 kaupunkiin kaupunki NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _
8 niiden se PRON Pron Case=Gen|Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 6 nmod _ _
9 vuoksi vuoksi ADP Adp AdpType=Post 8 case _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Dual: Singular
A Dual noun denotes two person, animal or thing.
Dual examples
None in Finnish.
Person: person
Description
Person is typically feature of personal and possessive pronouns / determiners,
and of verbs. On verbs it is in fact an agreement feature that marks the person
of the verb’s subject. Person is further used as a layered feature for
possessives, for further informations, see Person[psor] and Person[psed].
1: First person
First person refers towards me, us, etc.
Examples
- [fi] minä “I”, juoksen “(I) run”, me “we”, juoksemme “(we) run”
# sentence-text: Millainen minä olen?
1 Millainen millainen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 minä minä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 1 nsubj:cop _
_
3 olen olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 cop
_ SpaceAfter=No
4 ? ? PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
2: First person
Second person refers towards you, away from us but still within reference.
Examples
- [fi] sinä “you (singular)”, juokset “(you singular) run”, te “you (plural)”, juoksette “(you plural) run”
# sentence-text: Toivon, että teillä kaikilla on ollut erinomainen loma, ja toivotan teille antoisaa työskentelyjaksoa
tänä parlamenttimme vaalikauden viimeisenä vuonna.
1 Toivon toivoa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ SpaceAfter=No
2 , , PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _
3 että että SCONJ C _ 7 mark _ _
4 teillä sinä PRON Pron Case=Ade|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs 7 nmod:own _
_
5 kaikilla kaikki PRON Pron Case=Ade|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 4 det _ _
6 on olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 aux
_ _
7 ollut olla VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 1
ccomp _ _
8 erinomainen erinomainen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 9 amod _ _
9 loma loma NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ SpaceAfter=No
~~̃~
### `3`: Third person
Third person refers to thing or things outside the frame of reference, him,
them and so forth.
#### Examples
* [fi] _hän juoksee_ "he runs", _he juoksevat_ "they run"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Molemmat olivat kovin kiinnostuneita ja he olivatkin heti ottaneet yhteyttä tutkimusvastaavaan, joka oli sanonut isäni täyttävän kaikki kriteerit.
1 Molemmat molemmat PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Plur|PronType=Ind 4 nsubj:cop
_ _
2 olivat olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop
_ _
3 kovin kovin ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
4 kiinnostuneita kiinnostunut ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ _
5 ja ja CONJ C _ 4 cc _ _
6 he hän PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 9 nsubj _ _
7 olivatkin olla AUX V Clitic=Kin|Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 aux _ _
8 heti heti ADV Adv _ 9 advmod _ _
9 ottaneet ottaa VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act
4 conj _ _
10 yhteyttä yhteys NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 9 dobj _ _
11 tutkimusvastaavaan tutkimus#vastaava NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 10 nmod _
SpaceAfter=No
12 , , PUNCT Punct _ 15 punct _ _
13 joka joka PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel 15 nsubj _ _
14 oli olla AUX V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 15 aux
_ _
15 sanonut sanoa VERB V Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 11
acl:relcl _ _
16 isäni isä NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Sing|Person[psor]=1 17 nsubj _
_
17 täyttävän täyttää VERB V Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act
15 xcomp:ds _ _
18 kaikki kaikki PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 19 det _ _
19 kriteerit kriteeri NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 17 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
20 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Poss: possessive
Boolean feature of pronouns, determiners or adjectives, It tells whether the
word is possessive. Possessive feature is not used as an annotation for Uralic
possessive suffixes, see Number[psor] and Person[psor] instead. Possessive
is a lexical feature in UD, not inflectional.
PronType: pronominal type
Description
This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, pronominal numerals
(quantifiers) and pronominal adverbs. This feature is used for pro-words that
are not under PRON part of speech, e.g. pro-adjectives and pro-adverbs.
Prs: Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are pretty standard, most Uralic languages will have at least singulars and plurals in first, second and third person. Some will also include duals as well as inclusive and exclusive first persons.
Personal examples
- [fi] minä “I”, sinä “you”, hän “he, she”
# sentence-text: Se sai ainakin minut uskomaan uuteen tapaan tehdä elokuvia.
1 Se se PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 nsubj _ _
2 sai saada VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
3 ainakin ainakin ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
4 minut minä PRON Pron Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 5 nsubj _ _
5 uskomaan uskoa VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 2 xcomp:ds _ _
6 uuteen uusi ADJ A Case=Ill|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 tapaan tapa NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 5 nmod _ _
8 tehdä tehdä VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 7 acl _ _
9 elokuvia elo#kuva NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 8 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
10 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Rcp: Reciprocal pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns refer to number of things each, most typically two people at each other.
Reciprocal examples
- [fi] toinen […] toisiaan “each other”
# sentence-text: Rakkaus ilmentyy siinä, miten kohtelemme toinen toisiamme.
1 Rakkaus rakkaus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _
2 ilmentyy ilmentyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 0 root _ _
3 siinä se PRON Pron Case=Ine|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 2 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Punct _ 6 punct _ _
5 miten miten ADV Adv _ 6 advmod _ _
6 kohtelemme kohdella VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 3 ccomp _ _
7 toinen toinen PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Rcp 6 dobj _ _
8 toisiamme toinen PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Plur|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|PronType=Rcp
7 mwe _ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
### `Int`: Interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns are used questions. As a lexical feature, it is used for
pronouns that are intrinsically questions, rather than all which have question
enclitic particle, however, in practice many cases of pronouns with
cliticsa are seen as lexicalised interrogatives.
#### Interrogative examples
* [fi] _kuka_ "who", _mitä_ "what"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Mitä minä puhun?
1 Mitä mikä PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|PronType=Int 3 dobj _ _
2 minä minä PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _
3 puhun puhua VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ SpaceAfter=No
4 ? ? PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Rel: Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns are used with relative clauses.
Relative examples
- [fi] joka “which”, mikä “that”
# sentence-text: Näin lehdessä ilmoituksen, jolla etsittiin tutkimushenkilöitä Alzheimer-projektiin jollekin Turun yli
opiston laitokselle.
1 Näin nähdä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 lehdessä lehti NOUN N Case=Ine|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
3 ilmoituksen ilmoitus NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 1 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Punct _ 6 punct _ _
5 jolla joka PRON Pron Case=Ade|Number=Sing|PronType=Rel 6 nmod _ _
6 etsittiin etsiä VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 3 acl:relcl
_ _
7 tutkimushenkilöitä tutkimus#henkilö NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 6 dobj _
_
8 Alzheimer-projektiin Alzheimer#projekti NOUN N Case=Ill|Number=Sing 7 nmod _
_
9 jollekin jokin PRON Pron Case=All|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 12 det _ _
10 Turun Turku PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 11 nmod:poss _ _
11 yliopiston yli#opisto NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 12 nmod:poss 10:name _
12 laitokselle laitos NOUN N Case=All|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
13 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
Dem: Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are: this, that and it, and their plurals.
Demonstrative examples
- [fi] tämä “this”, tuo “that”, se “it”
# sentence-text: Toivottavasti tuo tuosta tokenisi itsestään.
1 Toivottavasti toivottavasti ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
2 tuo tuo PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj _ _
3 tuosta tuosta ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
4 tokenisi toeta VERB V Mood=Cnd|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
5 itsestään itsestään ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT Punct _ 4 punct _ _
Ind: Indefinite pronouns
Pronouns that refer to indefinite quantities or qualities of nouns, in some grammars overlaps with e.g. quantifier pronouns (which do not exist in Universal features).
Indefinite examples
- [fi] jokin “something”, kaikki “all”
# sentence-text: Huumoria oli tarpeeksi, eräs tärkeä teema oli tiede ja elokuvaseura oli mahtavaa.
1 Huumoria huumori NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 3 nsubj:cop _ _
2 oli olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop
_ _
3 tarpeeksi tarpeeksi ADV Adv _ 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
4 , , PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
5 eräs eräs PRON Pron Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind 7 det _ _
6 tärkeä tärkeä ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 7 amod _ _
7 teema teema NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 9 nsubj:cop _ _
8 oli olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 9 cop
_ _
9 tiede tiede NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 conj _ _
10 ja ja CONJ C _ 3 cc _ _
11 elokuvaseura elo#kuva#seura NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 13 nsubj:cop _ _
12 oli olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 13 cop
_ _
13 mahtavaa mahtava ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 3 conj _ SpaceAfter=No
14 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
Art: Article pronouns
For words that are articles. Mainly used in Uralic dependencies for Hungarian, or loans from other related languages.
Article examples
None in Finnish.
Neg: Negative pronouns
Negative pronouns are lexically negative by themselves. They are not used in Universal dependencies for pronouns that go with negation, e.g. not with [fi] ei koskaan, ei mikään etc.
Negative examples
None in Finnish.
Tot: Total / collective pronouns
Total pronouns are used for some collectives.
Total examples
None in Finnish
Reflex: reflexive
Description
Boolean feature, typically of pronouns or determiners. It tells whether the word is reflexive, i.e. refers to the subject of its clause. This is a lexical feature in UD and should not be used for e.g. reflexive inflection of verbs that is common some Uralic languages that we haven’t annotated yet.
Yes: is reflexive
Reflexive examples
- [fi] itse “self”
# sentence-text: Emme saa unohtaa myöskään itseämme.
1 Emme ei VERB V Negative=Neg|Number=Plur|Person=1|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 2 neg
_ _
2 saa saada VERB V Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _
_
3 unohtaa unohtaa VERB V InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 2 xcomp _ _
4 myöskään myöskään ADV Adv _ 5 advmod _ _
5 itseämme itse PRON Pron Case=Par|Number=Sing|Number[psor]=Plur|Person[psor]=1|Reflex=Yes
3 dobj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Tense: tense
Description
Tense feature matches the inflectional endings in verbs. Sometimes the suffix
for tense-aspect-mood can be one together, in these cases all features can be
used. Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes
/ will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in
the utterance. In Uralic grammars there have been various practices in
refering to present/future tense and past/preterite tense, in Universal
dependencies we use Pres for common non-past and Past for common past,
unless language has more complex tense system.
Pres: Present tense
Present tense is used for events happening in the current time. In many Uralic languages used in future constructions as well.
Present examples
- [fi] juoksen “I eat”, tapamme “we kill”
# sentence-text: Vernan sienisalaatti syntyy näin:
1 Vernan Verna PROPN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 2 nmod:poss _ _
2 sienisalaatti sieni#salaatti NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _
3 syntyy syntyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
4 näin näin ADV Adv _ 3 advmod _ SpaceAfter=No
Past: Past or preterite tense
Past tense is used for events happening in the passed time.
Present examples
- [fi] juoksin “I ran”, tapoimme “we killed”
# sentence-text: Sain näytön kuitenkin toimimaan, kuten videosta näkyy.
1 Sain saada VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root
_ _
2 näytön näyttö NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 4 nsubj _ _
3 kuitenkin kuitenkin ADV Adv _ 1 advmod _ _
4 toimimaan toimia VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 1 xcomp:ds _ SpaceAfter=No
5 , , PUNCT Punct _ 8 punct _ _
6 kuten kuten SCONJ C _ 8 mark _ _
7 videosta video NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _
8 näkyy näkyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 1 advcl
_ SpaceAfter=No
9 . . PUNCT Punct _ 1 punct _ _
VerbForm: form of verb or deverbative
Description
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used exclusively with verbs, it is not the case. Some verb forms in some languages actually form a gray zone between verbs and other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives and adverbs). For instance, participles may be either classified as verbs or as adjectives, depending on language and context. In both cases VerbForm=Part may be used to separate them from other verb forms or other types of adjectives.
Uralic verbs have rich inflection / derivation pattern for for infinite forms,
these are marked using VerbForm feature. However, Finnish uses additional
features InfType and PartType to enumerate all the different verb forms,
this needs some unifying.
Fin: Finite
Finite is used for regularly inflected verb form. Verbs that inflect for mood (Mood), tense (Tense) or person (Person) are finite and are assigned the VerbForm value Fin.
Finite examples
- [fi] juoksen “I run”
# sentence-text: Rajoitukset ovat seuraavanlaiset:
1 Rajoitukset rajoitus NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 3 nsubj:cop _ _
2 ovat olla VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop
_ _
3 seuraavanlaiset seuraavanlainen ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ SpaceAfter=No
Inf: Infinitive
Infinitive is a form of verb most typically used in syntactic expressions, verb chains and so forth. Uralic infinitives share features of nouns, and may have case inflection for example. It is notable that Uralic languages will have more than one infinitive form often, and often one of these is the citation form for dictionaries, i.e. lemma, but it is not shared between languages: Finnish lemma is “A infintive”, Estonian “MA infinitive” and Hungarian is a finite form.
Infinitive examples
- [fi] juosta “to run”, nähdäkseni “in order for me to see”, kuollessa “while dying”, syömättä “without having eaten”
# sentence-text: Uudet käyttäjät pystyvät käyttämään tilejään niin kuin nytkin ensimmäiset 6 kuukautta.
1 Uudet uusi ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 2 amod _ _
2 käyttäjät käyttäjä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 3 nsubj 4:nsubj _
3 pystyvät pystyä VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0
root _ _
4 käyttämään käyttää VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 3 xcomp
_ _
5 tilejään tili NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur|Person[psor]=3 4 dobj _ _
6 niin niin ADV Adv _ 4 advmod _ _
7 kuin kuin SCONJ C _ 8 mark _ _
8 nytkin nyt ADV Adv Clitic=Kin 6 advcl _ _
9 ensimmäiset ensimmäinen ADJ Num Case=Nom|Number=Plur|NumType=Ord 11 nummod _
_
10 6 6 NUM Num NumType=Card 11 nummod _ _
11 kuukautta kuu#kausi NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
12 . . PUNCT Punct _ 3 punct _ _
~̃~~
### `Part`: Participle
Participle is a form of verb also used in syntactic expressions and verb
chains, that shares features with adjectives. Like infinitives, Uralic
adjectives have number of variants. For example in Finnish participles have
full paradigms, i.e. act as derivatoinal suffix in effect, but there's also
clearly distinguishable syntactic use for subset of the forms. e.g. as a part
of analytic temporal construction like "perfect tense": compare _olen juossut_
"I have ran" to _eilen juosseilla miehillä_ "the men that ran yesterday,
literally yesterday ran+pl+ade man+pl+ade"
#### Participle examples
* [fi] _juossut_ "ran", _näkevä_ "seeing", _syömäni_ "that I ate",
_kuolematon_ "immortal, lit. undieable"
~~~ conllu
# sentence-text: Spotify ilmoitti tänään lisäävänsä rajoituksia Spotify Free- ja Open-tileille.
1 Spotify Spotify PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 2 nsubj 4:nsubj _
2 ilmoitti ilmoittaa VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Ac
t 0 root _ _
3 tänään tänään ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _
4 lisäävänsä lisätä VERB V Case=Gen|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing|PartForm=Pres|Person[psor]=3|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Act 2 xcomp _ _
5 rajoituksia rajoitus NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Plur 4 dobj _ _
6 Spotify Spotify PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 10 compound:nn _ _
7 Free- Free- X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 6 name _ _
8 ja ja CONJ C _ 7 cc _ _
9 Open Open X Foreign Foreign=Foreign 7 conj 6:name SpaceAfter=No
10 -tileille tili NOUN N Case=All|Number=Plur 4 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No
11 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _
Voice: voice
Description
For most Uralic languages, voice means mainly the active-passive distinction. Voice is a main feature of verb. The Uralic impersonal are marked as passive voice and other forms as active. Infinite verb forms that are not clearly either should not have a voice feature.
Act: Active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient).
Active examples
- [fi] juoksen “I run”, kuuleva “hearing”
~̃~~ conllu # sentence-text: Kuinka paljon ihmiset oikeasti sitten olisivat valmiita maksamaan tästä huvista? 1 Kuinka kuinka ADV Adv _ 2 advmod _ _ 2 paljon paljon ADV Adv _ 8 advmod _ _ 3 ihmiset ihminen NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Plur 7 nsubj:cop 8:nsubj _ 4 oikeasti oikeasti ADV Adv _ 7 advmod _ _ 5 sitten sitten ADV Adv _ 7 advmod _ _ 6 olisivat olla VERB V Mood=Cnd|Number=Plur|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 7 cop _ _ 7 valmiita valmis ADJ A Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Plur 0 root _ _ 8 maksamaan maksaa VERB V Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act 7 xcomp _ _ 9 tästä tämä PRON Pron Case=Ela|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 10 det _ _ 10 huvista huvi NOUN N Case=Ela|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 11 ? ? PUNCT Punct _ 7 punct _ _ ~̃~~
Pass: Passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Passive examples
- [fi] jossain juostaan “running is going on somewhere”, nähty “that has been seen”
~~~ conllu # sentence-text: Yahoo lupaa yhdestä ip:stä 5000 kyselyä / per päivä, mutta minut bannattiin sieltä aina 300 kyselyn jälkeen. 1 Yahoo Yahoo PROPN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 2 lupaa luvata VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _ 3 yhdestä yksi NUM Num Case=Ela|Number=Sing|NumType=Card 4 nummod _ _ 4 ip:stä ip NOUN N Abbr=Yes|Case=Ela|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ _ 5 5000 5000 NUM Num NumType=Card 6 nummod _ _ 6 kyselyä kysely NOUN N Case=Par|Number=Sing 2 dobj _ _ 7 / / PUNCT Punct _ 6 punct _ _ 8 per per ADP Adp AdpType=Post 9 case _ _ 9 päivä päivä NOUN N Case=Nom|Number=Sing 6 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 10 , , PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _ 11 mutta mutta CONJ C _ 2 cc _ _ 12 minut minä PRON Pron Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 13 dobj _ _ 13 bannattiin bannata VERB V Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Pass 2 conj _ _ 14 sieltä sieltä ADV Adv _ 13 advmod _ _ 15 aina aina ADV Adv _ 17 advmod _ _ 16 300 300 NUM Num NumType=Card 17 nummod _ _ 17 kyselyn kysely NOUN N Case=Gen|Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 18 jälkeen jälkeen ADP Adp AdpType=Post 17 case _ SpaceAfter=No 19 . . PUNCT Punct _ 2 punct _ _ ~̃~~