Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl: clausal modifier of noun
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for acl.
acl:relcl: relative clause modifier
A relative clause modifier (acl:relcl) marks relative clauses. The
governor is the phrase or clause modified. Usually, it is a noun, but in Uralic
it can also be a verb, when the dependent refers to the entire action described.
The dependent is the main predicate of the relative clause.
Mies , jonka hän oli nähnyt eilen , oli taas ovella . \n The_man , whom he had seen yesterday , was again at_the_door .
acl:relcl(Mies-1, nähnyt-6)
punct(nähnyt-6, ,-2)
dobj(nähnyt-6, jonka-3)
nsubj(nähnyt-6, hän-4)
aux(nähnyt-6, oli-5)
advmod(nähnyt-6, eilen-7)
punct(nähnyt-6, ,-8)
nsubj(oli-9, Mies-1)
advmod(oli-9, taas-10)
nmod(oli-9, ovella-11)
punct(oli-9, .-12)
Ovi kolahti auki , mikä säikäytti lapsen . \n The_door clanked open , which scared the_child .
nsubj(kolahti-2, Ovi-1)
advmod(kolahti-2, auki-3)
acl:relcl(kolahti-2, säikäytti-6)
punct(säikäytti-6, ,-4)
nsubj(säikäytti-6, mikä-5)
dobj(säikäytti-6, lapsen-7)
punct(kolahti-2, .-8)
Sinul on läinud korda see , mida keegi teine pole suutnud ! \n You have succeeded _ it , that no-one else has_not been_able_to !
acl:relcl(see-5, suutnud-11)
aux(suutnud-11, pole-10)
Diffs
Turku Dependency Treebank
The governor can also be a verb, when the dependent refers to the entire action described in the main sentence.
FinnTreeBank
FI_FTB applies the universal relation acl instead
of the language-specific relation acl:relcl.
Estonian Treebank
Szeged Treebank
acl:relcl does not appear in the Szeged treebank.
advcl: adverbial clause modifier
Adverbial clause modifiers (advcl) are subordinate clauses that
are not complements. Also non-complement infinitival or temporal clauses
(lauseenvastike, see for instance
(see ISK §876) and non-complement participles modifying verbs are
marked as advcl. If there is a subordinating conjunction present, it
is marked with the dependency type mark.
Kun äiti tuli kotiin , isä keitti kahvia . \n When mother came home , father made coffee .
mark(tuli-3, Kun-1)
nsubj(tuli-3, äiti-2)
nmod(tuli-3, kotiin-4)
punct(tuli-3, ,-5)
nsubj(keitti-7, isä-6)
advcl(keitti-7, tuli-3)
dobj(keitti-7, kahvia-8)
punct(keitti-7, .-9)
Äidin tullessa kotiin isä keitti kahvia . \n Mother when_came home father made coffee .
nsubj(tullessa-2, Äidin-1)
nmod(tullessa-2, kotiin-3)
nsubj(keitti-5, isä-4)
advcl(keitti-5, tullessa-2)
dobj(keitti-5, kahvia-6)
punct(keitti-5, .-7)
Huolestuneena juoksin hänen luokseen . \n Worried I_ran him to .
advcl(juoksin-2, Huolestuneena-1)
nmod(juoksin-2, hänen-3)
case(hänen-3, luokseen-4)
punct(juoksin-2, .-5)
The dependency type advcl is used also in comparative
constructions, most often involving adjectives in the comparative
form. The head of the advcl dependency is the comparative
wordform, and the dependent is the compared element.
The annotation of comparative and superlative structures is described in Comparatives and superlatives.
parempi kuin eilinen näytelmä \n better than yesterday's(adj.) play
advcl(parempi-1, näytelmä-4)
mark(näytelmä-4, kuin-2)
amod(näytelmä-4, eilinen-3)
Ta jooksis karjudes .
nsubj(jooksis-2, Ta-1)
advcl(jooksis-2, karjudes-3)
punct(jooksis-2, .-4)
He ran shouting.
Mulle pakuti süüa , kui õhtul koolist saabusin .
nmod(pakuti-2, Mulle-1)
xcomp(pakuti-2, süüa-3)
punct(saabusin-8,-4)
sconj(saabusin-8, kui-5)
advmod(saabusin-8, õhtul-6)
nmod(saabusin-8, koolist-7)
advcl(pakuti-2, saabusin-8)
punct(saabusin-8, .-9)
I was offered something to eat, when I arrived from school in the evening
References
advmod: adverbial modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for advmod.
amod: adjectival modifier
Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the
dependency type amod. It is also possible for an adjective to take
another adjective as a modifier. (These adjectival modifiers are
generally expressed with -ly adverbs in English.)
Tien vieressä on suuri kivi . \n Road next_to is large rock .
nmod(on-3, Tien-1)
case(Tien-1, vieressä-2)
nsubj(on-3, kivi-5)
amod(kivi-5, suuri-4)
punct(on-3, .-6)
1 See see PRON P Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 4 nsubj:cop _ _
2 oli olema VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4 cop _ _
3 suur suur ADJ A Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4 amod _ _
4 muutus muutus NOUN S Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
5 . . PUNCT Z _ 4 punct _ _
poikkeuksellisen suuri kivi \n exceptional(ly) large rock
amod(suuri-2, poikkeuksellisen-1)
amod(kivi-3, suuri-2)
Open questions
- Should ordinal numerals also receive
amod?
appos: appositional modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for appos.
aux: auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for aux.
auxpass: passive auxiliary
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for auxpass.
case: case marking
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for case.
cc: coordinating conjunction
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for cc.
ccomp: clausal complement
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for ccomp.
compound: compound
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for compound.
conj: conjunct
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for conj.
cop: copula
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for cop.
csubj: clausal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubj.
csubjpass: clausal passive subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for csubjpass.
dep: unspecified dependency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dep.
det: determiner
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for det.
discourse: discourse element
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for discourse.
dislocated: dislocated elements
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dislocated.
dobj: direct object
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for dobj.
expl: expletive
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for expl.
foreign: foreign words
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for foreign.
goeswith: goes with
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for goeswith.
iobj: indirect object
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for iobj.
list: list
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for list.
mark: marker
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mark.
mwe: multi-word expression
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for mwe.
name: name
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for name.
neg: negation modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for neg.
nmod: nominal modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nmod.
nsubj: nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubj.
nsubjpass: passive nominal subject
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nsubjpass.
nummod: numeric modifier
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for nummod.
parataxis: parataxis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for parataxis.
punct: punctuation
The dependency type punct is used to mark punctuation. The dependent is the punctuation symbol, and the governor is the element which the punctuation symbol delimits. For instance, with coordination, the first coordinated element is the head of all punct dependencies in the coordination, and with subordinate clauses, the head of the subordinate clause is the governor of the punct.
kerrostaloja , rivitaloja ja omakotitaloja \n blockhouses , rowhouses and one_family_houses
punct(kerrostaloja-1, ,-2)
conj(kerrostaloja-1, rivitaloja-3)
cc(kerrostaloja-1, ja-4)
conj(kerrostaloja-1, omakotitaloja-5)
1 Kõik kõik PRON P Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Tot 2 nsubj _ _
2 oleneb olenema VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0 root _ _
3 otstarbest ots_tarve NOUN S Case=Ela|Number=Sing 2 nmod _ _
4 , , PUNCT Z _ 3 punct _ _
5 ümbrusest ümbrus NOUN S Case=Ela|Number=Sing 3 conj _ _
6 ja ja CONJ J _ 3 cc _ _
7 kasutajast kasutaja NOUN S Case=Ela|Number=Sing 3 conj _ _
8 . . PUNCT Z _ 2 punct _ _
Kotona oli hiljaista , kun hän palasi . \n At_home was quiet , when he returned .
advmod(oli-2, Kotona-1)
xcomp(oli-2, hiljaista-3)
advcl(oli-2, palasi-7)
punct(palasi-7, ,-4)
punct(oli-2, .-8)
mark(palasi-7, kun-5)
nsubj(palasi-7, hän-6)
1 See see PRON P Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 3 nsubj:cop _ _
2 oli olema VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 cop _ _
3 tuba tuba NOUN S Case=Nom|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
4 , , PUNCT Z _ 6 punct _ _
5 kus kus ADV D _ 6 mark _ _
6 elas elama VERB V Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3 advcl _ _
7 Jooga Jooga PROPN S Case=Nom|Number=Sing 6 nsubj _ _
8 . . PUNCT Z _ 3 punct _ _
Diffs
By the current release of FI_FTB (FinnTreeBank), the manual annotation of punctuation marks has not been completed. Instead the automatic annotation links the punctuation marks to the closest token available (usually the previous one).
remnant: remnant in ellipsis
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for remnant.
reparandum: overridden disfluency
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for reparandum.
root: root
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for root.
vocative: vocative modifier
The dependency type vocative is used for vocatives, that is,
expressions where someone is being addressed. The governor of the
dependency is the main predicate of the clause where the addressing
occurs.
Pekka , tulisitko tänne ? \n Pekka , would_you_come here ?
vocative(tulisitko-3, Pekka-1)
punct(Pekka-1, ,-2)
advmod(tulisitko-3, tänne-4)
punct(tulisitko-3, ?-5)
Mine ära , Ronald ! \n Go away , Ronald !
vocative(Mine-1, Ronald-4)
compound-prt(Mine-1, ära-2)
Te nyisd ki az ablakot , Sam ! \n You open out the window , Sam !
vocative(nyisd-2, Sam-7)
det(ablakot-5, az-4)
nsubj(nyisd-2, Te-1)
Discussion
See issue 320[https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/docs/issues/320]
xcomp: open clausal complement
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for xcomp.