This is part of archived UD v1 documentation. See http://universaldependencies.org/ for the current version.

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Dependencies

Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.

Core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep	Predicate dep
nsubj	csubj
nsubjpass	csubjpass
dobj	ccomp	xcomp
iobj

Non-core dependents of clausal predicates
Nominal dep	Predicate dep	Modifier word
nmod	advcl	advmod
		neg

Special clausal dependents
Nominal dep	Auxiliary	Other
vocative	aux	mark
discourse	auxpass	punct
expl	cop

Noun dependents
Nominal dep	Predicate dep	Modifier word
nummod	acl	amod
appos		det
nmod		neg

Compounding and unanalyzed
compound	mwe	goeswith
name	foreign

Coordination
conj	cc	punct

Case-marking, prepositions, possessive
case

Loose joining relations
list	parataxis	remnant
dislocated		reparandum

Other
Sentence head	Unspecified dependency
root	dep

`acl`: clausal modifier of noun

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for acl.

edit acl

`acl:relcl`: relative clause modifier

A relative clause modifier (acl:relcl) marks relative clauses. The governor is the phrase or clause modified. Usually, it is a noun, but in Uralic it can also be a verb, when the dependent refers to the entire action described. The dependent is the main predicate of the relative clause.



  
    input
    brat
    info
  
Mies , jonka hän oli nähnyt eilen , oli taas ovella . \n The_man , whom he had seen yesterday , was again at_the_door .
acl:relcl(Mies-1, nähnyt-6)
punct(nähnyt-6, ,-2)
dobj(nähnyt-6, jonka-3)
nsubj(nähnyt-6, hän-4)
aux(nähnyt-6, oli-5)
advmod(nähnyt-6, eilen-7)
punct(nähnyt-6, ,-8)
nsubj(oli-9, Mies-1)
advmod(oli-9, taas-10)
nmod(oli-9, ovella-11)
punct(oli-9, .-12)
{
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        [ "embedded-1-R3", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R4", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R5", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R6", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R8", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R9", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T10" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-1-R10", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-1-T9" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-1-T11" ] ] ],
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Ovi kolahti auki , mikä säikäytti lapsen . \n The_door clanked open , which scared the_child .
nsubj(kolahti-2, Ovi-1)
advmod(kolahti-2, auki-3)
acl:relcl(kolahti-2, säikäytti-6)
punct(säikäytti-6, ,-4)
nsubj(säikäytti-6, mikä-5)
dobj(säikäytti-6, lapsen-7)
punct(kolahti-2, .-8)
{
    "text": "Ovi kolahti auki , mikä säikäytti lapsen . \n The_door clanked open , which scared the_child . ",
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        [ "embedded-2-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-2-R2", "advmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R3", "acl:relcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R4", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R5", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R6", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T6" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T7" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-2-R7", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-2-T2" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-2-T8" ] ] ]
    ],
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}



  
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    info
  
Sinul on läinud korda see , mida keegi teine pole suutnud ! \n You have succeeded _ it , that no-one else has_not been_able_to !
acl:relcl(see-5, suutnud-11)
aux(suutnud-11, pole-10)
{
    "text": "Sinul on läinud korda see , mida keegi teine pole suutnud ! \n You have succeeded _ it , that no-one else has_not been_able_to ! ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-3-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 5 ] ] ],
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        [ "embedded-3-T9", "token", [ [ 39, 44 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T10", "token", [ [ 45, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T11", "token", [ [ 50, 57 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T12", "token", [ [ 58, 59 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T14", "token", [ [ 62, 65 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T15", "token", [ [ 66, 70 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T16", "token", [ [ 71, 80 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T17", "token", [ [ 81, 82 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T18", "token", [ [ 83, 85 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T19", "token", [ [ 86, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T20", "token", [ [ 88, 92 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T21", "token", [ [ 93, 99 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-T22", "token", [ [ 100, 104 ] ] ],
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    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-3-R1", "acl:relcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T5" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T11" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-3-R2", "aux", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-3-T11" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-3-T10" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "3" ]
}

Diffs

Turku Dependency Treebank

The governor can also be a verb, when the dependent refers to the entire action described in the main sentence.

FinnTreeBank

FI_FTB applies the universal relation acl instead of the language-specific relation acl:relcl.

Estonian Treebank

Szeged Treebank

acl:relcl does not appear in the Szeged treebank.

edit acl:relcl

`advcl`: adverbial clause modifier

Adverbial clause modifiers (advcl) are subordinate clauses that are not complements. Also non-complement infinitival or temporal clauses (lauseenvastike, see for instance (see ISK §876) and non-complement participles modifying verbs are marked as advcl. If there is a subordinating conjunction present, it is marked with the dependency type mark.



  
    input
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    info
  
Kun äiti tuli kotiin , isä keitti kahvia . \n When mother came home , father made coffee .
mark(tuli-3, Kun-1)
nsubj(tuli-3, äiti-2)
nmod(tuli-3, kotiin-4)
punct(tuli-3, ,-5)
nsubj(keitti-7, isä-6)
advcl(keitti-7, tuli-3)
dobj(keitti-7, kahvia-8)
punct(keitti-7, .-9)
{
    "text": "Kun äiti tuli kotiin , isä keitti kahvia . \n When mother came home , father made coffee . ",
    "entities": [
        [ "embedded-4-T1", "token", [ [ 0, 3 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T2", "token", [ [ 4, 8 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T3", "token", [ [ 9, 13 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T4", "token", [ [ 14, 20 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T5", "token", [ [ 21, 22 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T6", "token", [ [ 23, 26 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T7", "token", [ [ 27, 33 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T8", "token", [ [ 34, 40 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T9", "token", [ [ 41, 42 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T11", "token", [ [ 45, 49 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T12", "token", [ [ 50, 56 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T13", "token", [ [ 57, 61 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T14", "token", [ [ 62, 66 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T15", "token", [ [ 67, 68 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T16", "token", [ [ 69, 75 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T17", "token", [ [ 76, 80 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T18", "token", [ [ 81, 87 ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-T19", "token", [ [ 88, 89 ] ] ]
    ],
    "relations": [
        [ "embedded-4-R1", "mark", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T1" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R2", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T2" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R3", "nmod", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T4" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R4", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T3" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T5" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R5", "nsubj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T6" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R6", "advcl", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T3" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R7", "dobj", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T8" ] ] ],
        [ "embedded-4-R8", "punct", [ [ "arg1", "embedded-4-T7" ], [ "arg2", "embedded-4-T9" ] ] ]
    ],
    "attributes": [],
    "error": false,
    "sentlabels": [ "4" ]
}

Äidin tullessa kotiin isä keitti kahvia . \n Mother when_came home father made coffee .
nsubj(tullessa-2, Äidin-1)
nmod(tullessa-2, kotiin-3)
nsubj(keitti-5, isä-4)
advcl(keitti-5, tullessa-2)
dobj(keitti-5, kahvia-6)
punct(keitti-5, .-7)

Huolestuneena juoksin hänen luokseen . \n Worried I_ran him to .
advcl(juoksin-2, Huolestuneena-1)
nmod(juoksin-2, hänen-3)
case(hänen-3, luokseen-4)
punct(juoksin-2, .-5)

The dependency type advcl is used also in comparative constructions, most often involving adjectives in the comparative form. The head of the advcl dependency is the comparative wordform, and the dependent is the compared element.

The annotation of comparative and superlative structures is described in Comparatives and superlatives.

parempi kuin eilinen näytelmä \n better than yesterday's(adj.) play
advcl(parempi-1, näytelmä-4)
mark(näytelmä-4, kuin-2)
amod(näytelmä-4, eilinen-3)

Ta jooksis karjudes .
nsubj(jooksis-2, Ta-1)
advcl(jooksis-2, karjudes-3)
punct(jooksis-2, .-4)

He ran shouting.

Mulle pakuti süüa , kui õhtul koolist saabusin .
nmod(pakuti-2, Mulle-1)
xcomp(pakuti-2, süüa-3)
punct(saabusin-8,-4)
sconj(saabusin-8, kui-5)
advmod(saabusin-8, õhtul-6)
nmod(saabusin-8, koolist-7)
advcl(pakuti-2, saabusin-8)
punct(saabusin-8, .-9)

I was offered something to eat, when I arrived from school in the evening

References

http://scripta.kotus.fi/visk/sisallys.php?p=876

edit advcl

`advmod`: adverbial modifier

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for advmod.

edit advmod

`amod`: adjectival modifier

Nouns may take adjectival modifiers, which are marked with the dependency type amod. It is also possible for an adjective to take another adjective as a modifier. (These adjectival modifiers are generally expressed with -ly adverbs in English.)

Tien vieressä on suuri kivi . \n Road next_to is large rock .
nmod(on-3, Tien-1)
case(Tien-1, vieressä-2)
nsubj(on-3, kivi-5)
amod(kivi-5, suuri-4)
punct(on-3, .-6)

1       See     see     PRON    P       Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem       4       nsubj:cop       _       _
2       oli     olema   VERB    V       Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 4       cop     _       _
3       suur    suur    ADJ     A       Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing 4       amod    _       _
4       muutus  muutus  NOUN    S       Case=Nom|Number=Sing    0       root    _       _
5       .       .       PUNCT   Z       _       4       punct   _       _

poikkeuksellisen suuri kivi \n exceptional(ly) large rock
amod(suuri-2, poikkeuksellisen-1)
amod(kivi-3, suuri-2)

Open questions

Should ordinal numerals also receive amod ?

edit amod

`appos`: appositional modifier

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for appos.

edit appos

`aux`: auxiliary

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for aux.

edit aux

`auxpass`: passive auxiliary

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for auxpass.

edit auxpass

`case`: case marking

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for case.

edit case

`cc`: coordinating conjunction

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for cc.

edit cc

`ccomp`: clausal complement

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for ccomp.

edit ccomp

`compound`: compound

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for compound.

edit compound

`conj`: conjunct

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for conj.

edit conj

`cop`: copula

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for cop.

edit cop

`csubj`: clausal subject

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for csubj.

edit csubj

`csubjpass`: clausal passive subject

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for csubjpass.

edit csubjpass

`dep`: unspecified dependency

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for dep.

edit dep

`det`: determiner

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for det.

edit det

`discourse`: discourse element

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for discourse.

edit discourse

`dislocated`: dislocated elements

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for dislocated.

edit dislocated

`dobj`: direct object

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for dobj.

edit dobj

`expl`: expletive

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for expl.

edit expl

`foreign`: foreign words

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for foreign.

edit foreign

`goeswith`: goes with

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for goeswith.

edit goeswith

`iobj`: indirect object

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for iobj.

edit iobj

`list`: list

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for list.

edit list

`mark`: marker

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for mark.

edit mark

`mwe`: multi-word expression

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for mwe.

edit mwe

`name`: name

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for name.

edit name

`neg`: negation modifier

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for neg.

edit neg

`nmod`: nominal modifier

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for nmod.

edit nmod

`nsubj`: nominal subject

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for nsubj.

edit nsubj

`nsubjpass`: passive nominal subject

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for nsubjpass.

edit nsubjpass

`nummod`: numeric modifier

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for nummod.

edit nummod

`parataxis`: parataxis

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for parataxis.

edit parataxis

`punct`: punctuation

The dependency type punct is used to mark punctuation. The dependent is the punctuation symbol, and the governor is the element which the punctuation symbol delimits. For instance, with coordination, the first coordinated element is the head of all punct dependencies in the coordination, and with subordinate clauses, the head of the subordinate clause is the governor of the punct.

kerrostaloja , rivitaloja ja omakotitaloja \n blockhouses , rowhouses and one_family_houses
punct(kerrostaloja-1, ,-2)
conj(kerrostaloja-1, rivitaloja-3)
cc(kerrostaloja-1, ja-4)
conj(kerrostaloja-1, omakotitaloja-5)

1       Kõik    kõik    PRON    P       Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Tot       2       nsubj   _       _
2       oleneb  olenema VERB    V       Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 0       root    _       _
3       otstarbest      ots_tarve       NOUN    S       Case=Ela|Number=Sing    2       nmod    _       _
4       ,       ,       PUNCT   Z       _       3       punct   _       _
5       ümbrusest       ümbrus  NOUN    S       Case=Ela|Number=Sing    3       conj    _       _
6       ja      ja      CONJ    J       _       3       cc      _       _
7       kasutajast      kasutaja        NOUN    S       Case=Ela|Number=Sing    3       conj    _       _
8       .       .       PUNCT   Z       _       2       punct   _       _

Kotona oli hiljaista , kun hän palasi . \n At_home was quiet , when he returned .
advmod(oli-2, Kotona-1)
xcomp(oli-2, hiljaista-3)
advcl(oli-2, palasi-7)
punct(palasi-7, ,-4)
punct(oli-2, .-8)
mark(palasi-7, kun-5)
nsubj(palasi-7, hän-6)

1       See     see     PRON    P       Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem       3       nsubj:cop       _       _
2       oli     olema   VERB    V       Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3       cop     _       _
3       tuba    tuba    NOUN    S       Case=Nom|Number=Sing    0       root    _       _
4       ,       ,       PUNCT   Z       _       6       punct   _       _
5       kus     kus     ADV     D       _       6       mark    _       _
6       elas    elama   VERB    V       Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act 3       advcl   _       _
7       Jooga   Jooga   PROPN   S       Case=Nom|Number=Sing    6       nsubj   _       _
8       .       .       PUNCT   Z       _       3       punct   _       _

Diffs

By the current release of FI_FTB (FinnTreeBank), the manual annotation of punctuation marks has not been completed. Instead the automatic annotation links the punctuation marks to the closest token available (usually the previous one).

edit punct

`remnant`: remnant in ellipsis

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for remnant.

edit remnant

`reparandum`: overridden disfluency

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for reparandum.

edit reparandum

`root`: root

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for root.

edit root

`vocative`: vocative modifier

The dependency type vocative is used for vocatives, that is, expressions where someone is being addressed. The governor of the dependency is the main predicate of the clause where the addressing occurs.

Pekka , tulisitko tänne ? \n Pekka , would_you_come here ?
vocative(tulisitko-3, Pekka-1)
punct(Pekka-1, ,-2)
advmod(tulisitko-3, tänne-4)
punct(tulisitko-3, ?-5)

Mine ära , Ronald ! \n Go away , Ronald !
vocative(Mine-1, Ronald-4)
compound-prt(Mine-1, ära-2)

Te nyisd ki az ablakot , Sam ! \n You open out the window , Sam !
vocative(nyisd-2, Sam-7)
det(ablakot-5, az-4)
nsubj(nyisd-2, Te-1)

Discussion

See issue 320[https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/docs/issues/320]

edit vocative

`xcomp`: open clausal complement

This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation for xcomp.

edit xcomp

Dependencies

acl: clausal modifier of noun

acl:relcl: relative clause modifier

Diffs

Turku Dependency Treebank

FinnTreeBank

Estonian Treebank

Szeged Treebank

advcl: adverbial clause modifier

References

advmod: adverbial modifier

amod: adjectival modifier

Open questions

appos: appositional modifier

aux: auxiliary

auxpass: passive auxiliary

case: case marking

cc: coordinating conjunction

ccomp: clausal complement

compound: compound

conj: conjunct

cop: copula

csubj: clausal subject

csubjpass: clausal passive subject

dep: unspecified dependency

det: determiner

discourse: discourse element

dislocated: dislocated elements

dobj: direct object

expl: expletive

foreign: foreign words

goeswith: goes with

iobj: indirect object

list: list

mark: marker

mwe: multi-word expression

name: name

neg: negation modifier

nmod: nominal modifier

nsubj: nominal subject

nsubjpass: passive nominal subject

nummod: numeric modifier

parataxis: parataxis

punct: punctuation

Diffs

remnant: remnant in ellipsis

reparandum: overridden disfluency

root: root

vocative: vocative modifier

Discussion

xcomp: open clausal complement

`acl`: clausal modifier of noun

`acl:relcl`: relative clause modifier

`advcl`: adverbial clause modifier

`advmod`: adverbial modifier

`amod`: adjectival modifier

`appos`: appositional modifier

`aux`: auxiliary

`auxpass`: passive auxiliary

`case`: case marking

`cc`: coordinating conjunction

`ccomp`: clausal complement

`compound`: compound

`conj`: conjunct

`cop`: copula

`csubj`: clausal subject

`csubjpass`: clausal passive subject

`dep`: unspecified dependency

`det`: determiner

`discourse`: discourse element

`dislocated`: dislocated elements

`dobj`: direct object

`expl`: expletive

`foreign`: foreign words

`goeswith`: goes with

`iobj`: indirect object

`list`: list

`mark`: marker

`mwe`: multi-word expression

`name`: name

`neg`: negation modifier

`nmod`: nominal modifier

`nsubj`: nominal subject

`nsubjpass`: passive nominal subject

`nummod`: numeric modifier

`parataxis`: parataxis

`punct`: punctuation

`remnant`: remnant in ellipsis

`reparandum`: overridden disfluency

`root`: root

`vocative`: vocative modifier

`xcomp`: open clausal complement