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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

The only truly auxiliary verb in Czech is být “to be”, and its variant (with separate lemma) bývat “to usually be”. It accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.

Examples

Note that the verb být will not be tagged AUX if it is used as copula (Moje auto je nové. “My car is new.”) or as a content verb (V Praze je nové divadlo. “There is a new theatre in Prague.”) It will be tagged VERB in these cases. It is also possible that an auxiliary být modifies a lexical být (V Praze by bylo nové divadlo. “There would be a new theatre in Prague.”)

Note that the passive participle may be also used as nominal predicate with copula. Hence it may be difficult to distinguish a passive construction from a copula construction. The former focuses on the process while the latter emphasizes the result.

Czech modal verbs are not considered auxiliary and they are tagged VERB, in accord with the annotation in the Prague Dependency Treebank. Their behavior is only slightly different from other content verbs.

Constructions with mít and passive participle

There is a construction parallel to the perfect tenses of Germanic and Romance languages: mít “to have” + neuter singular passive participle, e.g. mít (něco) uděláno “to have (something) done”. They can also apply to intransitive verbs: mít vyhráno “to have won”. Sometimes the verb mít shares the subject (actor) with the participle, but in other contexts such relation is not guaranteed: mít (někde něco) napsáno “to have (something) written (somewhere)”. None of these constructions is considered a separate tense in the Czech grammar and the verb mít is not analyzed as auxiliary.

References


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech)

There are 2 AUX lemmas (0%), 49 AUX types (0%) and 20795 AUX tokens (1%). Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 17 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: být, bývat

The 10 most frequent AUX types: by, bude, jsem, jsme, byl, budou, byla, být, je, bylo

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: být (VERB 25647, AUX 20737), bývat (VERB 154, AUX 58)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: by (AUX 7859, VERB 5, PART 1, ADP 1), bude (AUX 1843, VERB 864), jsem (AUX 1418, VERB 134), jsme (AUX 1404, VERB 176), byl (VERB 1246, AUX 913), budou (AUX 897, VERB 206), byla (VERB 765, AUX 733), být (VERB 1317, AUX 745), je (VERB 11424, PRON 887, AUX 713), bylo (VERB 1045, AUX 611)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 24.500000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.195930).

The 1st highest number of forms (42) was observed with the lemma “být”: Nebudeš, bude, budem, budeme, budete, budeš, budiž, budou, budu, by, bych, bychom, byl, byla, byli, bylo, byly, bys, byste, být, býti, je, jsem, jsi, jsme, jsou, jsouce, jste, nebude, nebudeme, nebudete, nebudou, nebudu, nebyl, nebyla, nebyli, nebylo, nebyly, nejsme, nejsou, není, si.

The 2nd highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “bývat”: bývají, bývala, bývalo, bývaly, bývá, nebývají, nebývá.

AUX occurs with 11 features: cs-feat/VerbForm (20795; 100% instances), cs-feat/Mood (16796; 81% instances), cs-feat/Number (12183; 59% instances), cs-feat/Negative (11902; 57% instances), cs-feat/Person (11357; 55% instances), cs-feat/Tense (11146; 54% instances), cs-feat/Voice (11146; 54% instances), cs-feat/Gender (3252; 16% instances), cs-feat/Animacy (711; 3% instances), cs-feat/Aspect (59; 0% instances), cs-feat/Style (4; 0% instances)

AUX occurs with 28 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Aspect=Imp, Gender=Fem,Masc, Gender=Fem,Neut, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Plur, Number=Plur,Sing, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Style=Arch, Style=Coll, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Trans, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 51 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Cnd|VerbForm=Fin (5439 tokens). Examples: by

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: cs-dep/aux (14721; 71% instances), cs-dep/auxpass (6068; 29% instances), cs-dep/conj (6; 0% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (19963; 96% instances), ADJ (527; 3% instances), NOUN (203; 1% instances), CONJ (36; 0% instances), PRON (19; 0% instances), ADV (18; 0% instances), NUM (9; 0% instances), PART (8; 0% instances), AUX (6; 0% instances), PROPN (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (2; 0% instances), SYM (1; 0% instances)

20790 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

4 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

1 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 5.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 3 different relations: cs-dep/conj (6; 46% instances), cs-dep/cc (5; 38% instances), cs-dep/punct (2; 15% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 3 different parts of speech: AUX (6; 46% instances), CONJ (5; 38% instances), PUNCT (2; 15% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CAC)

There are 2 AUX lemmas (0%), 44 AUX types (0%) and 6157 AUX tokens (1%). Out of 16 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 15 in number of lemmas, 11 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: být, bývat

The 10 most frequent AUX types: by, je, jsme, bude, jsem, bylo, byla, byl, byly, jsou

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: být (VERB 9840, AUX 6133), bývat (VERB 89, AUX 24)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: je (VERB 4673, AUX 482, PRON 356), jsme (AUX 431, VERB 45), bude (AUX 406, VERB 236), jsem (AUX 352, VERB 10), bylo (VERB 342, AUX 293), byla (AUX 283, VERB 268), byl (VERB 343, AUX 285), byly (AUX 268, VERB 174), jsou (VERB 1382, AUX 266), být (VERB 428, AUX 239)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 22.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 2.206260).

The 1st highest number of forms (39) was observed with the lemma “být”: bude, budeme, budete, budeš, budiž, budou, budu, by, bych, bychom, byl, byla, byli, bylo, byly, bys, byste, byvše, být, býti, je, jsem, jsi, jsme, jsou, jste, nebude, nebudeme, nebudete, nebudeš, nebudou, nebudu, nebyl, nebyla, nebylo, nebyly, nejsou, není, si.

The 2nd highest number of forms (5) was observed with the lemma “bývat”: bývají, býval, bývalo, bývá, nebývá.

AUX occurs with 11 features: cs-feat/VerbForm (6157; 100% instances), cs-feat/Mood (4596; 75% instances), cs-feat/Person (4596; 75% instances), cs-feat/Number (4198; 68% instances), cs-feat/Negative (4093; 66% instances), cs-feat/Tense (3842; 62% instances), cs-feat/Voice (3842; 62% instances), cs-feat/Gender (1313; 21% instances), cs-feat/Animacy (336; 5% instances), cs-feat/Aspect (25; 0% instances), cs-feat/Style (8; 0% instances)

AUX occurs with 28 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Anim, Animacy=Inan, Aspect=Imp, Aspect=Perf, Gender=Fem,Masc, Gender=Fem,Neut, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Plur, Number=Plur,Sing, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Style=Arch, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, VerbForm=Trans, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 43 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Cnd|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin (1712 tokens). Examples: by

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 5 different relations: cs-dep/aux (3600; 58% instances), cs-dep/auxpass (2528; 41% instances), cs-dep/cop (14; 0% instances), cs-dep/conj (9; 0% instances), cs-dep/root (6; 0% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: VERB (5859; 95% instances), ADJ (185; 3% instances), NOUN (56; 1% instances), ADV (13; 0% instances), SYM (12; 0% instances), AUX (9; 0% instances), PRON (8; 0% instances), ROOT (6; 0% instances), CONJ (5; 0% instances), NUM (2; 0% instances), PART (2; 0% instances)

6137 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

4 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

8 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

8 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 5.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 10 different relations: cs-dep/punct (10; 20% instances), cs-dep/cc (9; 18% instances), cs-dep/conj (9; 18% instances), cs-dep/advmod (8; 16% instances), cs-dep/nsubj (4; 8% instances), cs-dep/parataxis (4; 8% instances), cs-dep/nmod (2; 4% instances), cs-dep/advcl (1; 2% instances), cs-dep/csubj (1; 2% instances), cs-dep/mark (1; 2% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: PUNCT (10; 20% instances), AUX (9; 18% instances), CONJ (9; 18% instances), VERB (6; 12% instances), ADV (5; 10% instances), NOUN (4; 8% instances), SCONJ (3; 6% instances), PRON (2; 4% instances), INTJ (1; 2% instances)


Treebank Statistics (UD_Czech-CLTT)

There are 1 AUX lemmas (0%), 15 AUX types (0%) and 170 AUX tokens (0%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 15 in number of lemmas, 12 in number of types and 13 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: být

The 10 most frequent AUX types: být, by, byly, je, nejsou, byl, jsou, bude, budou, nebyly

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: být (VERB 416, AUX 170)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: být (AUX 35, VERB 13), byly (AUX 18, VERB 1), je (VERB 185, AUX 14, PRON 11), nejsou (VERB 37, AUX 13), jsou (VERB 130, AUX 11), bude (AUX 10, VERB 3), budou (AUX 8, VERB 1), bylo (AUX 5, VERB 5), není (VERB 39, AUX 2), nebyla (VERB 2, AUX 1)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 15.000000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.764161).

The 1st highest number of forms (15) was observed with the lemma “být”: bude, budou, by, byl, byla, bylo, byly, být, je, jsou, nebyl, nebyla, nebyly, nejsou, není.

AUX occurs with 9 features: cs-feat/VerbForm (170; 100% instances), cs-feat/Negative (144; 85% instances), cs-feat/Number (109; 64% instances), cs-feat/Tense (109; 64% instances), cs-feat/Voice (109; 64% instances), cs-feat/Mood (84; 49% instances), cs-feat/Person (74; 44% instances), cs-feat/Gender (51; 30% instances), cs-feat/Animacy (25; 15% instances)

AUX occurs with 20 feature-value pairs: Animacy=Inan, Gender=Fem,Masc, Gender=Fem,Neut, Gender=Masc, Gender=Neut, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Ind, Negative=Neg, Negative=Pos, Number=Plur, Number=Plur,Sing, Number=Sing, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 15 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Negative=Pos|VerbForm=Inf (35 tokens). Examples: být

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: cs-dep/auxpass (129; 76% instances), cs-dep/aux (38; 22% instances), cs-dep/cop (3; 2% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 2 different parts of speech: VERB (166; 98% instances), ADJ (4; 2% instances)

169 (99%) AUX nodes are leaves.

1 (1%) AUX nodes have one child.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 1.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 1 different relations: cs-dep/advmod:emph (1; 100% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 1 different parts of speech: ADV (1; 100% instances)


AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]