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UD Indonesian GSD

Language: Indonesian (code: id)
Family: Austronesian, Malayo-Sumbawan

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v1.1 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Ryan McDonald, Joakim Nivre, Daniel Zeman, Septina Dian Larasati, Ika Alfina.

Repository: UD_Indonesian-GSD
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.13

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Genre: news, blog

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either Indonesian-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [zeman (æt) ufal • mff • cuni • cz]. Development of the treebank happens directly in the UD repository, so you may submit bug fixes as pull requests against the dev branch.

Annotation	Source
Lemmas	assigned by a program, with some manual corrections, but not a full manual verification
UPOS	annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD, with some manual corrections of the conversion
XPOS	assigned by a program, with some manual corrections, but not a full manual verification
Features	assigned by a program, with some manual corrections, but not a full manual verification
Relations	annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD, with some manual corrections of the conversion

Description

The Indonesian-GSD treebank was originally converted from the content head version of the universal dependency treebank v2.0 (legacy) in 2015. In order to comply with the latest Indonesian annotation guidelines, the treebank has undergone a major revision between UD releases v2.8 and v2.9 (2021).

• The treebank consists of 5598 sentences and 122K words, and was divided into three parts:
• Training dataset consists of around 97K words
• Development dataset consists of around 12K words
• Testing dataset consists of around 11K words

Acknowledgments

• The original Indonesian-GSD treebank was developed by Ryan McDonald in 2015 based on the Indonesian treebank in a pre-UD Google treebank collection (McDonald et al. 2013).
• The treebank was converted to UD v2 guidelines by Dan Zeman in 2017.
• Lemmas, XPOS, and morphological features added by MorphInd (created by Septina Dian Larasati, run and converted by Dan Zeman, http://septinalarasati.com/morphind/), in 2018.
• Major corrections on word segmentation, LEMMA, UPOS, FEATS, and DEPREL columns by Dan Zeman and Ika Alfina, in 2021.

References

• Ryan McDonald, Joakim Nivre, Yvonne Quirmbach-Brundage, Yoav Goldberg, Dipanjan Das, Kuzman Ganchev, Keith Hall, Slav Petrov, Hao Zhang, Oscar Tackstrom, Claudia Bedini, Nuria Bertomeu Castello and Jungmee Lee. “Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing”. In Proceedings of ACL 2013.
• Septina Dian Larasati, Vladislav Kuboň, and Daniel Zeman, “Indonesian Morphology Tool (MorphInd): Towards an Indonesian Corpus”. In Proceeding of SCFM 2011.

Statistics of UD Indonesian GSD

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – SYM – VERB – X

Features

Abbr – Clusivity – Definite – Degree – Foreign – Mood – Number – NumType – Person – Polarity – Polite – PronType – Reflex – Typo – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – advmod:emph – amod – appos – aux – case – case:adv – cc – cc:preconj – ccomp – clf – compound – compound:a – conj – cop – csubj – csubj:pass – dep – det – discourse – fixed – flat – flat:foreign – flat:name – goeswith – iobj – list – mark – nmod – nmod:lmod – nmod:poss – nmod:tmod – nsubj – nsubj:pass – nummod – obj – obl – obl:agent – obl:tmod – orphan – parataxis – punct – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• This corpus contains 5598 sentences, 119830 tokens and 122019 syntactic words.

• This corpus contains 16346 tokens (14%) that are not followed by a space.

• This corpus does not contain words with spaces.

• This corpus contains 544 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: orang-orang, masing-masing, anak-anak, laki-laki, undang-undang, negara-negara, satu-satu, lagu-lagu, lain-lain, sehari-hari, rata-rata, kadang-kadang, kata-kata, raja-raja, tiba-tiba, 1970-an, benar-benar, kira-kira, kitab-kitab, kota-kota, kapal-kapal, karya-karya, ke-13, teman-teman, 1950-an, 1960-an, 1980-an, cita-cita, kawan-kawan, ke-11, produk-produk, sisa-sisa, tempat-tempat, barang-barang, daerah-daerah, hal-hal, jenis-jenis, ke-18, ke-19, ke-20, ke-4, nama-nama, sekolah-sekolah, tanda-tanda, tengah-tengah, abu-abu, album-album, bahasa-bahasa, batu-batu, besar-besaran

• This corpus contains 2187 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.00 syntactic words.
• There are 1022 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: apakah, ayahnya, dirinya, namanya, siapakah, akankah, penduduknya, anaknya, antaranya, keduanya, utamanya, artinya, pertamanya, ataupun, ibunya, bagaimanakah, bukankah, itulah, kalinya, satu-satunya, inilah, sebagainya, semuanya, dalamnya, istrinya, sekitarnya, adiknya, harinya, hidupnya, keluarganya, letaknya, sekalipun, seniornya, tepatnya, adakah, anggotanya, berdirinya, hubungannya, kakaknya, masuknya, terjadinya, tubuhnya, wilayahnya, halnya, kepadanya, keturunannya, melakukannya, membuatnya, menjadikannya, pemerintahannya.

Morphology

Tags

• This corpus uses 17 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, SYM, VERB, X

• This corpus contains 17 word types tagged as particles (PART): Berdasar, Hei, Jadi, belum, bukan, hai, jangan, kah, kan, keluar, lah, pun, tak, tiada, tidak, tidaknya, ya

• This corpus contains 42 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): aku, anda, apa, banyak, beberapa, begitu, beliau, berapa, beta, demikian, dia, dimana, diri, engkau, ia, ini, itu, kalian, kami, kamu, kau, kenapa, keseluruhan, kita, kita.dan, ku, mana, mereka, nya, orang, sana, saya, segala, segenap, sejumlah, semua, seorang, siapa, sini, situ, suatu, yang

• This corpus contains 52 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): PRON, aneka, banyak, beberapa, begini, begitu, berbagai, berdua, berikut, buah, demikian, dia, dibeberapa, ini, itu, jumlah, kebanyakan, kelompok, keseluruhan, masing, nya, orang, para, per, ragam, rangkai, sang, seantero, sebagian, seekor, segala, segenap, sejumlah, sekelompok, sekumpulan, seluruh, semacam, semua, sendiri, sepucuk, serangkaian, sesuatu, setiap, si, suatu, tadi, tersebut, tertentu, tesebut, tiap, tsb, yang

• Out of the above, 16 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: banyak, beberapa, begitu, demikian, dia, ini, itu, keseluruhan, nya, orang, segala, segenap, sejumlah, semua, suatu, yang

• This corpus contains 19 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): adalah, akan, baik, bisa, boleh, dapat, harus, ialah, ingin, mampu, mau, mesti, mungkin, sebaiknya, sedang, seharusnya, sudah, telah, wajib

• Out of the above, 11 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: adalah, baik, bisa, boleh, dapat, harus, ingin, mampu, mau, seharusnya, wajib

• This corpus does not use the VerbForm feature.

Nominal Features

• Number

• Plur
  • DET: beberapa, para, berbagai, banyak, sejumlah, kebanyakan, serangkaian, aneka, beragam, sekelompok
  • NOUN: orang-orang, anak-anak, negara-negara, undang-undang, lagu-lagu, kata-kata, kitab-kitab, kota-kota, raja-raja, kapal-kapal
  • PRON: mereka, kita, kami, kalian, apa-apa, beberapa

• Sing
  • DET: sesuatu
  • NOUN: tahun, orang, desa, nama, kota, bagian, bahasa, wilayah, saat, film
  • PRON: nya, ia, dia, ku, kamu, aku, mu, engkau, seseorang, beliau

• Definite

• Def
  • DET: nya, sang, si, yang

• Ind
  • DET: sebuah, seorang, suatu, seekor, Sauatu, sepucuk

Degree and Polarity

• Degree

• Sup
  • ADJ: terbesar, terbaik, terakhir, terkenal, tertinggi, terdekat, tertua, teratas, terbanyak, terbaru

• Polarity

• Neg
  • PART: tidak, bukan, tak, belum, jangan, kan, tiada

Verbal Features

• Mood

• Imp
  • VERB: Amankan, Ijinkan, Sukseskan

• Ind
  • VERB: menjadi, memiliki, terletak, digunakan, berada, menggunakan, dikenal, terjadi, membuat, disebut

• Voice

• Act
  • VERB: menjadi, memiliki, berada, menggunakan, membuat, bermain, mulai, melakukan, kembali, adanya

• Pass
  • VERB: terletak, digunakan, dikenal, terjadi, disebut, terdapat, terdiri, dilakukan, ditemukan, dirilis

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType

• Art
  • DET: sebuah, nya, seorang, suatu, sang, si, seekor, yang, Sauatu, sepucuk

• Dem
  • ADV: begitu
  • DET: ini, itu, tersebut, tertentu, begitu, berikut, tadi, begini, demikian, tesebut
  • PRON: mana, itu, demikian, ini, sini, begitu, sana, situ

• Emp
  • DET: sendiri

• Ind
  • ADV: banyak
  • DET: beberapa, para, berbagai, sebagian, banyak, sejumlah, sekelompok, kebanyakan, serangkaian, semacam
  • PRON: seseorang, sesuatu, seorang, sejumlah, beberapa, Banyak

• Int
  • ADV: apa, bagaimana, mengapa, kenapa, dimana, kapan, berapa, mana, Kemana
  • PRON: apa, siapa, mana, Berapa, Dimana, Kenapa, apa-apa

• Prs
  • PRON: nya, ia, mereka, dia, diri, kita, ku, kamu, aku, mu

• Rel
  • ADV: bagaimana, berapa, mengapa, kapan
  • PRON: yang, siapa, yg, apa

• Tot
  • ADV: segalanya
  • DET: semua, setiap, seluruh, masing-masing, segala, per, tiap, berdua, keseluruhan, masing
  • NUM: kedua, ketiga, keempat, Ke-400, ke-2, keenam, kelima, ketujuh
  • PRON: semua, keseluruhan, segala, kesemuanya, segenap

• NumType

• Card
  • NUM: satu, dua, 1, 2, 3, tiga, 5, 2010, 4, 2006

• Ord
  • ADJ: pertama, kedua, ketiga, keempat, ke-13, ke-11, ke-18, ke-19, ke-20, ke-4

• Reflex

• Yes
  • PRON: diri

• Person

• 1
  • PRON: kita, ku, aku, kami, saya

• 2
  • PRON: kamu, mu, engkau, anda, kalian, kau, beta

• 3
  • PRON: nya, ia, mereka, dia, beliau

• Polite

• Form
  • PRON: beliau, saya, anda, Aku

• Infm
  • PRON: ku, kamu, mu, aku, engkau, kalian, kau

Other Features

• Abbr
  • Yes
    • ADV: Gimana
    • DET: tsb
    • NOUN: RT, dkk
    • PART: kan
    • PRON: yg
    • PROPN: Dk, Dsn, RUU, RW

• Clusivity
  • Ex
    • PRON: kami
  • In
    • PRON: kita

• Foreign
  • Yes
    • X: and, Image, in, kok, loh, x, assistent, b, resident, s

• Typo
  • Yes
    • ADJ: ke5
    • ADP: dibawah, dimana, diatas, didalam, diluar, dibelakang, dimuka
    • ADV: bagaimanasebuah, kira2, Kemana
    • CCONJ: dam
    • DET: Sauatu, berberapa, dibeberapa
    • NOUN: 141an, 1960an, dihati, dijaren, disini, gayab, kedepan, kedunia, didunia, manusa
    • NUM: Delapn, satu
    • PROPN: Co
    • SCONJ: dimana, darimana
    • VERB: di, kerje, dititik
    • X: do, pendukun

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

• This corpus uses 2 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: adalah, ialah.

• This corpus uses 17 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: akan, dapat, telah, bisa, harus, sudah, mampu, mungkin, sedang, ingin, mau, boleh, seharusnya, mesti, baik, sebaiknya, wajib.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

• nsubj
  • VERB--NOUN (1589)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(dalam) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(di) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(karena) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(saat) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(seperti) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(untuk) (1)
  • VERB--PRON (2094)
  • VERB--PRON-ADP(di) (1)

• obj
  • VERB--NOUN (4281)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(akan) (2)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(atas) (2)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(bahkan) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(bahwa) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(dalam) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(dari) (4)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(hingga) (2)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(karena) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(ke) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(ke)-ADP(dalam) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(pada) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(sampai) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(sebesar) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(secara) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(selama) (1)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(seperti) (4)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(untuk) (2)
  • VERB--NOUN-ADP(yaitu) (1)
  • VERB--PRON (537)

• iobj
  • VERB--NOUN (6)
  • VERB--PRON (2)

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

• This corpus contains 41 lemmas that occur at least once with a reflexive core object (obj or iobj). Examples: lari diri, undur diri, bunuh diri, khusus diri, anggap diri, angkat diri, bangkit diri, bebas diri, bubar diri, bukti diri, epaskan diri, fokus diri, gelar diri, harga diri, hibur diri, korban diri, kuasa diri, lihat diri, lindung diri, luas diri, membentengi diri, menarik diri, mengabdikasikan diri, mengudurkan diri, nyata diri, peduli diri, penting diri, periksa diri, pinta diri, pisah diri, proklamir diri, puas diri, pusat diri, ratih diri, sebut diri, sesuai diri, tawar diri, tebus diri, tempat diri, tobat diri, tolong diri

Relations Overview

• This corpus uses 14 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, advmod:emph, case:adv, cc:preconj, compound:a, csubj:pass, flat:foreign, flat:name, nmod:lmod, nmod:poss, nmod:tmod, nsubj:pass, obl:agent, obl:tmod
• The following 3 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: expl, dislocated, reparandum

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