Case: case
Case is an inflectional feature of nouns and other parts of speech (adjectives, numerals) that mark agreement with nouns. It is also valency feature of prepositions (saying that the preposition requires its argument to be in that case).
Case helps to specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence. For example, the nominative and accusative cases often distinguish subject and object of the verb, while in fixed-word-order languages these functions would be distinguished merely by the positions of the nouns in the sentence.
Czech morphology distinguishes seven cases:
Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Loc and Ins
(this ordering is fixed in the grammar and the cases are also referred to by numbers 1–7).
Examples
- singular nominative мама “mother”, genitive мамы , dative маме, accusative маму, locative маме, instrumental мамой
- plural nominative мамы, genitive мам, dative мамам, accusative мам, locative мамах, instrumental мамами
The descriptions of the individual case values below include semantic hints about the prototypical meaning of the case. Bear in mind that quite often a case will be used for a meaning that is totally unrelated to the meaning mentioned here. Valency of verbs, adpositions and other words will determine that the noun phrase must be in a particular grammatical case to fill a particular valency slot (semantic role).
Nom: nominative
The base form of the noun, also used as citation form (lemma). This is the word form used for subjects of clauses.
Examples
- Наташа спит. / Nataša spit. “Natasha sleeps.”
- Иван любит Наташу. / Ivan ljubit Natašu. “Ivan loves Natasha.”
Gen: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of.
Note that despite considerable semantic overlap, the genitive case is not the same as the feature of possessivity (Poss). Possessivity is a lexical feature, i.e. it applies to lemma and its whole paradigm. Genitive is a feature of just a subset of word forms of the lemma. Semantics of possessivity is much more clearly defined while the genitive (as many other cases) may be required in situations that have nothing to do with possessing. For example, без папиной дочери “without the father’s daughter” is a prepositional phrase containing the preposition без “without”, the possessive adjective папиной “father’s” and the noun дочери “daughter”. The possessive adjective is derived from the noun папа but it is really an adjective (with separate lemma and paradigm), not just a form of the noun. In addition, both the adjective and the noun are in their genitive forms (the nominative would be папина дочь). There is nothing possessive about this particular occurrence of the genitive. It is there because the preposition без always requires its argument to be in genitive.
Examples
- Москва - столица Российской Федерации. “Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation.”
Par: partitive
The partitive case is sometimes considered just a variant form of the genitive. Not all nouns have the form. Concording adjectives take the genitive form.
Examples
- Кроме письменных принадлежностей ему принесли хлеба и горячего чаю. “In addition to writing instruments, they brought him bread and hot tea.”
Dat: dative
This is the word form often used for indirect objects of verbs.
Examples
- Я дал подарок своему брату. “I gave my brother a present.” (своему брату “my brother” is dative and подарок “present” is accusative.)
Acc: accusative
Perhaps the second most widely spread morphological case. This is the word form most frequently used for direct objects of verbs.
Examples
- Иван любит Наташу. / Ivan ljubit Natašu. “Ivan loves Natasha.”
Loc: locative
The locative case often expresses location in space or time, which gave it its name. As elsewhere, non-locational meanings also exist and they are not rare. On the other hand, some location roles may be expressed using other cases (e.g. because those cases are required by a preposition).
This is the only Russian case that is used exclusively in combination with prepositions.
Examples
- В июле я был в Швеции. “In July I was in Sweden.”
- Разговаривали мы там о морфологии. “We talked there about morphology.” (Non-locational non-temporal example)
Ins: instrumental
The role from which the name of the instrumental case is derived is that the noun is used as instrument to do something (as in писать ручкой “to write using a pen”). Many other meanings are possible, for example the instrumental is required by the preposition s “with” and thus it includes the meaning expressed in other languages by the comitative case.
In Russian the instrumental is also used for the agent-object in passive constructions (cf. the English preposition by).
Examples
- Этот закон был одобрен правительством. “This bill has been approved by the government.” (Passive example)
Voc: vocative
The vocative case is a special form of noun used to address someone. Only a few Russian nouns still preserve a vocative form. For the rest, the nominative is used instead.
Examples
- О боже, в каком положении?! “Oh god, in what position?!”
- Господи! недопустимо так унижать людей! “Lord! it is unacceptable to humiliate people so!”
Case in other languages: [am] [apu] [arr] [bej] [bg] [cs] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [ga] [gn] [grc] [gub] [hu] [hy] [ka] [kmr] [koi] [kpv] [ky] [mdf] [myu] [myv] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj]