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AUX: auxiliary verb

Definition

An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.

Swedish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.

Examples

Delimitation

The exact delimitation of auxiliaries in Swedish is not completely clear-cut, especially for the category of modal auxiliaries and copulas. In the Swedish UD treebank, we have adopted a consensus solution based on existing Swedish grammars, the original Talbanken annotation, and the universal UD guidelines. Below we list the verbs that may appear in each group:


Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)

There are 16 AUX lemmas (0%), 44 AUX types (0%) and 4183 AUX tokens (4%). Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 12 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.

The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: vara, kunna, ha, skola, måste, komma, få, vilja, böra, behöva

The 10 most frequent AUX types: är, kan, har, måste, skall, vara, skulle, ska, kommer, var

The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: vara (AUX 1617, VERB 254, NOUN 24, PRON 9, ADV 8, DET 8), kunna (AUX 786, VERB 13), ha (VERB 589, AUX 577, INTJ 2), skola (AUX 448, NOUN 62, VERB 6), måste (AUX 207, VERB 3, NOUN 1), komma (VERB 162, AUX 123), (VERB 383, AUX 122, ADJ 17, PRON 1), vilja (AUX 93, VERB 15, NOUN 13), böra (AUX 92, VERB 2), behöva (VERB 68, AUX 49)

The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: är (AUX 1272, VERB 186), kan (AUX 649, VERB 7), har (AUX 520, VERB 395), måste (AUX 204, VERB 3, NOUN 1), skall (AUX 177, VERB 3), vara (AUX 166, VERB 28, NOUN 7), ska (AUX 116, VERB 3), kommer (AUX 110, VERB 76), var (AUX 99, PRON 25, VERB 21, DET 17, ADV 11), får (VERB 144, AUX 78)

Morphology

The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 2.750000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.421413).

The 1st highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “vara”: Varen, var, vara, varit, vore, är, äro.

The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “bli”: blev, bli, blir, blivit.

The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “få”: fick, få, får, fått.

AUX occurs with 4 features: sv-feat/VerbForm (4183; 100% instances), sv-feat/Voice (4183; 100% instances), sv-feat/Mood (3778; 90% instances), sv-feat/Tense (3777; 90% instances)

AUX occurs with 9 feature-value pairs: Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Sup, Voice=Act

AUX occurs with 6 feature combinations. The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act (3411 tokens). Examples: är, kan, har, måste, skall, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill

Relations

AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2517; 60% instances), sv-dep/cop (1617; 39% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (49; 1% instances)

Parents of AUX nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (2424; 58% instances), ADJ (1052; 25% instances), NOUN (607; 15% instances), PRON (63; 2% instances), ADV (14; 0% instances), NUM (10; 0% instances), ADP (7; 0% instances), DET (3; 0% instances), PROPN (3; 0% instances)

4182 (100%) AUX nodes are leaves.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have one child.

0 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.

1 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.

The highest child degree of a AUX node is 3.

Children of AUX nodes are attached using 3 different relations: sv-dep/cc (1; 33% instances), sv-dep/conj (1; 33% instances), sv-dep/nmod (1; 33% instances)

Children of AUX nodes belong to 3 different parts of speech: CONJ (1; 33% instances), NOUN (1; 33% instances), VERB (1; 33% instances)


AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]