AUX
: auxiliary verb
Definition
An auxiliary verb is a verb that accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb, such as person, number, tense, mood, aspect, and voice.
Swedish auxiliary verbs can be divided into tense auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries, passive auxiliaries, and copulas.
Examples
- Tense auxiliary: har gjort “has done”, kommer (att) göra “is going to do”, hade gjort “hade done”
- Modal auxiliary: måste skapa “must create”, bör leda till “should lead to”
- Passive auxiliary: blev tvungen “was forced”, blir skalad “is peeled”
- Copula: är sjuk “is sick”, var en idiot “was an idiot”
Delimitation
The exact delimitation of auxiliaries in Swedish is not completely clear-cut, especially for the category of modal auxiliaries and copulas. In the Swedish UD treebank, we have adopted a consensus solution based on existing Swedish grammars, the original Talbanken annotation, and the universal UD guidelines. Below we list the verbs that may appear in each group:
- Tense auxiliary: har, komma
- Modal auxiliary: böra, kunna, måste, skola, vilja, må, torde, lär, få, behöva
- Passive auxiliary: bli
- Copula: vara
Treebank Statistics (UD_Swedish)
There are 16 AUX
lemmas (0%), 44 AUX
types (0%) and 4183 AUX
tokens (4%).
Out of 15 observed tags, the rank of AUX
is: 12 in number of lemmas, 10 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX
lemmas: vara, kunna, ha, skola, måste, komma, få, vilja, böra, behöva
The 10 most frequent AUX
types: är, kan, har, måste, skall, vara, skulle, ska, kommer, var
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: vara (AUX 1617, VERB 254, NOUN 24, PRON 9, ADV 8, DET 8), kunna (AUX 786, VERB 13), ha (VERB 589, AUX 577, INTJ 2), skola (AUX 448, NOUN 62, VERB 6), måste (AUX 207, VERB 3, NOUN 1), komma (VERB 162, AUX 123), få (VERB 383, AUX 122, ADJ 17, PRON 1), vilja (AUX 93, VERB 15, NOUN 13), böra (AUX 92, VERB 2), behöva (VERB 68, AUX 49)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: är (AUX 1272, VERB 186), kan (AUX 649, VERB 7), har (AUX 520, VERB 395), måste (AUX 204, VERB 3, NOUN 1), skall (AUX 177, VERB 3), vara (AUX 166, VERB 28, NOUN 7), ska (AUX 116, VERB 3), kommer (AUX 110, VERB 76), var (AUX 99, PRON 25, VERB 21, DET 17, ADV 11), får (VERB 144, AUX 78)
- är
- kan
- har
- måste
- AUX 204: Det måste också bli en mer praktisk syn på barnuppfostran .
- VERB 3: Undervisningsbudgeten måste ständigt och kraftigt utvidgas i takt med folkökningen .
- NOUN 1: Till det som måste bort - och där har vi väl numera hunnit rätt långt - hör naturligtvis alla ‘ måste ‘ kring ett äktenskaps ingående .
- skall
- vara
- ska
- kommer
- var
- AUX 99: Ämnet var kvinnans roll i samhället .
- PRON 25: Belgien och Holland har 2 röster var och Luxemburg 1 röst .
- VERB 21: Då var det hon som var mest yrkesverksam .
- DET 17: Minst var tredje människa är analfabet , kan varken läsa eller skriva .
- ADV 11: Kommunen avgör var , när och hur bebyggelse ska ske .
- får
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX
is 2.750000 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.421413).
The 1st highest number of forms (7) was observed with the lemma “vara”: Varen, var, vara, varit, vore, är, äro.
The 2nd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “bli”: blev, bli, blir, blivit.
The 3rd highest number of forms (4) was observed with the lemma “få”: fick, få, får, fått.
AUX
occurs with 4 features: sv-feat/VerbForm (4183; 100% instances), sv-feat/Voice (4183; 100% instances), sv-feat/Mood (3778; 90% instances), sv-feat/Tense (3777; 90% instances)
AUX
occurs with 9 feature-value pairs: Mood=Imp
, Mood=Ind
, Mood=Sub
, Tense=Past
, Tense=Pres
, VerbForm=Fin
, VerbForm=Inf
, VerbForm=Sup
, Voice=Act
AUX
occurs with 6 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act
(3411 tokens).
Examples: är, kan, har, måste, skall, ska, kommer, får, bör, vill
Relations
AUX
nodes are attached to their parents using 3 different relations: sv-dep/aux (2517; 60% instances), sv-dep/cop (1617; 39% instances), sv-dep/auxpass (49; 1% instances)
Parents of AUX
nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (2424; 58% instances), ADJ (1052; 25% instances), NOUN (607; 15% instances), PRON (63; 2% instances), ADV (14; 0% instances), NUM (10; 0% instances), ADP (7; 0% instances), DET (3; 0% instances), PROPN (3; 0% instances)
4182 (100%) AUX
nodes are leaves.
0 (0%) AUX
nodes have one child.
0 (0%) AUX
nodes have two children.
1 (0%) AUX
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX
node is 3.
Children of AUX
nodes are attached using 3 different relations: sv-dep/cc (1; 33% instances), sv-dep/conj (1; 33% instances), sv-dep/nmod (1; 33% instances)
Children of AUX
nodes belong to 3 different parts of speech: CONJ (1; 33% instances), NOUN (1; 33% instances), VERB (1; 33% instances)
AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]