AUX: auxiliary verb
Definition
Italian auxiliary verbs can be divided into:
- tense auxiliaries, used to form compound tenses represented by avere “to have” and essere “to be”;
- passive auxiliaries, used to form passive verb forms represented by essere “to be” and venire lit. “to come”.
Following the UD guidelines, Italian modal verbs are handled as modal auxiliaries (e.g. potere “can”, dovere “must”).
Corresponding language-specific part-of-speech tags
VA: Auxiliary verb
VM: Modal verb
Examples
- Tense auxiliaries: ha fatto “he has done”, è arrivato “he has arrived”, sarà finito “it will be finished”
- Passive auxiliaries: fu distrutto “it was destroyed”, è stato comprato “it has been bought”
- Modal auxiliaries: dovrebbe fare “he should do”, può avere successo “he can have success”
Treebank Statistics (UD_Italian)
There are 15 AUX lemmas (0%), 178 AUX types (1%) and 7443 AUX tokens (3%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of AUX is: 14 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 10 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent AUX lemmas: essere, avere, potere, dovere, venire, volere, stare, andare, sapere, fare
The 10 most frequent AUX types: è, ha, sono, può, hanno, essere, stato, deve, possono, era
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: essere (VERB 3671, AUX 3408, NOUN 15, CONJ 1), avere (AUX 1871, VERB 754), potere (AUX 996, NOUN 63, VERB 9), dovere (AUX 484, VERB 63, NOUN 17), venire (AUX 380, VERB 81), volere (AUX 153, VERB 66, NOUN 1), stare (AUX 103, VERB 68), andare (VERB 158, AUX 33), sapere (VERB 116, AUX 5), fare (VERB 713, AUX 3, ADV 1)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: è (VERB 1838, AUX 1320), ha (AUX 923, VERB 322), sono (AUX 527, VERB 501), può (AUX 467, VERB 3), hanno (AUX 334, VERB 111), essere (AUX 317, VERB 163), stato (AUX 209, VERB 104, NOUN 88), deve (AUX 186, VERB 5), era (VERB 208, AUX 139, NOUN 7), viene (AUX 118, VERB 23)
- è
- ha
- sono
- può
- hanno
- essere
- stato
- deve
- era
- viene
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of AUX is 11.866667 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.491677).
The 1st highest number of forms (32) was observed with the lemma “essere”: Fui, e’, era, erano, eravamo, ero, essendo, esser, essere, fosse, fossero, fossi, fu, furono, saranno, sarebbe, sarebbero, saremmo, saremo, sarà, sei, sia, siamo, siano, siete, son, sono, stata, state, stati, stato, è.
The 2nd highest number of forms (31) was observed with the lemma “avere”: abbia, abbiamo, abbiano, abbiate, avendo, aver, avere, avesse, avessero, avessi, avete, aveva, avevamo, avevano, avevate, avevo, avrai, avranno, avrebbe, avrebbero, avrei, avremmo, avremo, avrete, avrà, avrò, ha, hai, han, hanno, ho.
The 3rd highest number of forms (29) was observed with the lemma “dovere”: Dovevi, Dovrei, debba, debbano, debbo, debbono, dev’, deve, devi, devo, devono, dobbiamo, dovendo, dover, dovesse, dovessero, dovete, dovette, doveva, dovevano, dovranno, dovrebbe, dovrebbero, dovremmo, dovremo, dovresti, dovrete, dovrà, dovuto.
AUX occurs with 6 features: it-feat/VerbForm (7442; 100% instances), it-feat/Number (6958; 93% instances), it-feat/Tense (6958; 93% instances), it-feat/Person (6403; 86% instances), it-feat/Mood (6402; 86% instances), it-feat/Gender (555; 7% instances)
AUX occurs with 19 feature-value pairs: Gender=Fem, Gender=Masc, Mood=Cnd, Mood=Imp, Mood=Ind, Mood=Sub, Number=Plur, Number=Sing, Person=1, Person=2, Person=3, Tense=Fut, Tense=Imp, Tense=Past, Tense=Pres, VerbForm=Fin, VerbForm=Ger, VerbForm=Inf, VerbForm=Part
AUX occurs with 43 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin (3212 tokens).
Examples: è, ha, può, deve, viene, sta, vuole, va, vuol, e’
Relations
AUX nodes are attached to their parents using 10 different relations: it-dep/aux (5248; 71% instances), it-dep/auxpass (2164; 29% instances), it-dep/cop (13; 0% instances), it-dep/root (6; 0% instances), it-dep/advcl (5; 0% instances), it-dep/acl (2; 0% instances), it-dep/conj (2; 0% instances), it-dep/acl:relcl (1; 0% instances), it-dep/ccomp (1; 0% instances), it-dep/csubj (1; 0% instances)
Parents of AUX nodes belong to 9 different parts of speech: VERB (7191; 97% instances), NOUN (107; 1% instances), ADJ (104; 1% instances), PRON (26; 0% instances), ROOT (6; 0% instances), PROPN (4; 0% instances), ADV (3; 0% instances), NUM (1; 0% instances), X (1; 0% instances)
7362 (99%) AUX nodes are leaves.
58 (1%) AUX nodes have one child.
7 (0%) AUX nodes have two children.
16 (0%) AUX nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a AUX node is 6.
Children of AUX nodes are attached using 18 different relations: it-dep/punct (46; 35% instances), it-dep/nsubj (13; 10% instances), it-dep/nmod (12; 9% instances), it-dep/advmod (9; 7% instances), it-dep/mark (7; 5% instances), it-dep/advcl (6; 5% instances), it-dep/neg (6; 5% instances), it-dep/dobj (5; 4% instances), it-dep/nsubjpass (5; 4% instances), it-dep/cc (4; 3% instances), it-dep/expl:impers (4; 3% instances), it-dep/ccomp (3; 2% instances), it-dep/conj (3; 2% instances), it-dep/expl (3; 2% instances), it-dep/xcomp (2; 2% instances), it-dep/iobj (1; 1% instances), it-dep/nummod (1; 1% instances), it-dep/vocative (1; 1% instances)
Children of AUX nodes belong to 11 different parts of speech: PUNCT (46; 35% instances), NOUN (26; 20% instances), ADV (14; 11% instances), PRON (14; 11% instances), VERB (14; 11% instances), SCONJ (5; 4% instances), CONJ (4; 3% instances), PROPN (4; 3% instances), ADP (2; 2% instances), ADJ (1; 1% instances), NUM (1; 1% instances)
AUX in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]