aux: auxiliary
The aux relation occurs between a verb and and auxiliary. In general, Basque verbs encode only aspect, while temporal and agreement features show up in the auxiliary, as well as transitivity.
There are mainly two auxiliary lemmas izan corresponding to intransitives and ukan corresponding to transitives.
Even if Basque word order is quite free, the auxiliary can only appear right after the verb in non-negative sentences, and right after the negation in negative sentences.
- English (example of an intransitive):
These two parts fold by the places that are marked .
- Basque:
Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .
Two parts these marked are-that places aux-intrans-present .
Bi zati hauek markaturik dauden tokietatik tolesten dira .
det(zati-2, Bi-1)
nsubj(tolesten-7, zati-2)
det(zati-2, hauek-3)
acl(tokietatik-6, markaturik-4)
cop(markaturik-4, dauden-5)
nmod(tolesten-7, tokietatik-6)
aux(tolesten-7, dira-8)
- English (example of a transitive):
The change has caused huge discussions .
- Basque:
Eztabaida handiak sortu ditu aldaketak .
Discussion huge-pl cause aux-trans-present change-erg.
Eztabaida handiak sortu ditu aldaketak .
amod(Eztabaida-1, handiak-2)
nobj(sortu-3, Eztabaida-1)
aux(sortu-3, ditu-4)
nsubj(sortu-3, aldaketak-5)
Treebank Statistics (UD_Basque)
This relation is universal.
10377 nodes (9%) are attached to their parents as aux.
9489 instances of aux (91%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child).
Average distance between parent and child is 1.15042883299605.
The following 14 pairs of parts of speech are connected with aux: eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/AUX (9961; 96% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/VERB (346; 3% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/AUX (27; 0% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/VERB (14; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/VERB (8; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/CONJ (5; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/X (5; 0% instances), eu-pos/VERB-eu-pos/PART (4; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/AUX (2; 0% instances), eu-pos/ADJ-eu-pos/ADV (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/CONJ-eu-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/DET-eu-pos/DET (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/NOUN-eu-pos/CONJ (1; 0% instances), eu-pos/PRON-eu-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances).
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1 Atenasen Atenas PROPN _ Case=Ine|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _
2 ordea ordea CONJ _ _ 8 advmod _ _
3 , , PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ _
4 beste beste DET _ _ 6 det _ _
5 bost bost NUM _ _ 6 nummod _ _
6 jarduera jarduera NOUN _ Case=Abs|Definite=Ind 8 nsubj _ _
7 gehiago gehiago DET _ Case=Abs|Definite=Ind 6 det _ _
8 izan izan VERB _ Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
9 daitezke *edin AUX _ Mood=Pot|Number[abs]=Plur|Person[abs]=3 8 aux _ _
10 . . PUNCT _ _ 8 punct _ _
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# visual-style 3 bgColor:blue
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1 " " PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
2 Ruandan Ruanda PROPN _ Case=Ine|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
3 hil hil VERB _ VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _
4 egingo egin VERB _ Aspect=Pro|VerbForm=Part 3 aux _ _
5 gaituzte *edun AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Plur|Number[erg]=Plur|Person[abs]=1|Person[erg]=3 3 aux _ _
6 , , PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
7 abereak abere NOUN _ Animacy=Anim|Case=Abs|Definite=Def|Number=Plur 8 nsubj _ _
8 bagina izan VERB _ Aspect=Prog|Mood=Cnd|Number[abs]=Plur|Person[abs]=1 3 advcl _ _
9 bezala bezala ADV _ _ 8 mark _ _
10 " " PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
11 . . PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
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1 Uste uste NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Abs|Definite=Ind 0 root _ _
2 dut *edun AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Sing|Number[erg]=Sing|Person[abs]=3|Person[erg]=1 1 aux _ _
3 errespetua errespetu NOUN _ Animacy=Inan|Case=Abs|Definite=Def|Number=Sing 6 dobj _ _
4 gaur gaur ADV _ _ 6 advmod _ _
5 guk gu PRON _ PronType=Prs 6 nsubj _ _
6 irabazi irabazi VERB _ Aspect=Perf|VerbForm=Part 1 ccomp _ _
7 dugula *edun AUX _ Mood=Ind|Number[abs]=Sing|Number[erg]=Plur|Person[abs]=3|Person[erg]=1 6 aux _ _
8 . . PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ _
aux in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]